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| Information-Centered Human Factors | |
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| Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definition of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) | |
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| The Early Development of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) | |
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| The Current Development of Human Factors in the U.S. and Europe | |
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| A Systems Description | |
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| The Goal of Safety | |
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| The Goal of Productivity | |
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| The Trade-Off between Productivity and Safety | |
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| The Goal of Operator Satisfaction | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Cost-Benefit Analysis of Improvements in the Human Factors Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Ergonomics Improvements in Card Assembly | |
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| Design Improvements | |
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| Benefit-Cost Improvements in Human-Computer Interaction | |
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| Discussion of Costs and Benefits | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Conducting a Human Factors Investigation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Descriptive Studies | |
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| Experimental Research | |
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| Example | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Example | |
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| Selection of Dependent Variables | |
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| Methods | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Vision and Illumination Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Structure of the Eye | |
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| Accommodation or Focusing of the Eye | |
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| Refractive Errors | |
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| Light Adaptation and Dark Adaptation | |
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| Color Vision | |
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| Example | |
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| Measurement of Visual Acuity | |
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| Example | |
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| Illumination at Work | |
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| Measurement of Illuminance and Luminance | |
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| Measurement of Contrast | |
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| Example: Contrast Requirements in Manufacturing | |
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| The Aging Eye | |
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| Use of Indirect (Reflected) Lighting | |
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| Cost Efficiency of Illumination | |
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| Special Purpose Lighting for Inspection and Quality Control | |
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| Exercise: Measurement of Illumination (Illuminance) | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Human Information Processing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Example: The Trouble with Information | |
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| Human Reaction Time and Hick's Law | |
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| Information Theory | |
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| Human Information Processing | |
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| Heuristics Are Used for Coping with the Limitations of the Working Memory | |
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| Example: Confirmation Bias at Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant | |
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| From Formal Decision Making to Naturalistic Decision Making | |
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| Rasmussen's Model | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Norman's Gulfs of Execution and Evaluation | |
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| Recognition-Primed Decision Making | |
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| Situation Awareness | |
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| The Signal Detection Theory Paradigm | |
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| Example | |
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| Vigilance and Sustained Attention | |
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| Example | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Design of Controls, Displays, and Symbols | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Example | |
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| Appropriateness of Manual Controls | |
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| Standardization of Controls | |
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| Selection of Computer Input Devices | |
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| Control Movement Stereotypes | |
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| Example: Controls for an Overhead Crane in Manufacturing | |
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| Control-Response Compatibility | |
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| Example: Poor Control-Response Compatibility | |
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| Coding of Controls | |
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| Emergency Controls | |
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| Example: Accidental Activation of Seat Ejection Control in Airplanes | |
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| Organization of Items at a Workstation | |
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| Design of Symbols and Labels | |
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| Example: Standardization of Symbols | |
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| Labels and Written Signs | |
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| Warning Signs | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Design of Human-Computer Interaction | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Useful Design Principles in Human-Computer Interaction | |
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| Development of Usable Design | |
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| Usability | |
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| Methods for Usability Evaluation | |
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| Exercise: Designing a Clock Radio with a Mac or Windows Interface | |
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| Human-Body-Centered Ergonomics | |
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| Anthropometry in Workstation Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measuring Human Dimensions | |
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| Exercise: Select Body Dimensions for Design of a Car Interior | |
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| Definition of Anthropometric Measures | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Procedure for Anthropometric Design | |
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| New Developments in Three-Dimensional Models for Anthropometric Design | |
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| Accommodating the Needs of Disabled Employees | |
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| Anthropometry Standards | |
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| Exercise: Designing a Microscope Workstation | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Work Posture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Examples of Work Postures | |
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| Poor Body Postures | |
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| Example: Sitting in India | |
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| Sitting, Standing, and Sit-Standing | |
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| Example: Sit-Standing in Medieval Europe | |
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| Exercise: Calculate Working Height | |
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| Work at Conveyors | |
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| Measurement and Ergonomic Implications of Work Posture | |
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| Exercise: Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Stress Function | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Manual Materials Handling | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Statistics on Back Injuries Associated with Lifting | |
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| Basic Biomechanics | |
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| The So-called Correct Lifting Technique | |
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| NIOSH Guidelines and Standards for Lifting | |
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| Loading Punch Press Stock | |
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| Product Packaging | |
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| Guidelines in Europe | |
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| Material Handlings Aids | |
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| Materials Handling Devices | |
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| Exercise: Materials Handling Devices | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Repetitive Motion Injury and Design of Hand Tools | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Common Repetitive Motion Injuries | |
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| Causes of Repetitive Motion Injury | |
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| Design Guidelines to Minimize Repetitive Motion Injury | |
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| Hand Tool Design | |
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| Design Guidelines for Hand Tools | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Physical Workload and Heat Stress | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Metabolism | |
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| Individual Differences | |
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| Metabolism at Work | |
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| Example: Calculation of Relative Workload | |
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| Measurement of Physical Workload | |
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| Heat Stress | |
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| Measurement of Heat Stress | |
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| Exercise: Discussion of Heat Stress Management | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Noise and Vibration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Measurement of Sound | |
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| Noise Exposure and Hearing Loss | |
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| Example: Calculation of Noise Dose | |
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| Hearing Protectors | |
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| Analysis and Reduction of Noise | |
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| Reduction of Noise in a Manufacturing Plant | |
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| Effects of Noise on Human Performance | |
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| Broadbent and Poulton Theories | |
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| Exercise: Discussion of Theories | |
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| Annoyance of Noise and Interference with Communication | |
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| Interference of Noise with Spoken Communication | |
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| Whole-Body Vibration | |
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| Sources of Vibration Discomfort | |
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| Segmental Vibration | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Organization/Management-Centered Human Factors | |
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| Ergonomics of Computer Workstations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sitting Work Posture | |
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| Viewing Distance and Eye Glasses | |
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| Effect of Radiation | |
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| Reducing Reflections and Glare on CRT Screens | |
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| Exercise: Calculating the Effect of a Screen Filter on the Display Contrast Ratio | |
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| From CRTs to LCDs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Training, Skills, and Cognitive Task Analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Establishing the Need for Training | |
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| Determining Training Content and Training Methods | |
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| Use of Task Analysis | |
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| Use of Job Aids | |
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| Example: Remembering Error Codes | |
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| The Power Law of Practice | |
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| Example: Prediction of Future Assembly Time | |
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| Cognitive Task Analysis and Work Analysis | |
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| Rasmussen's Analytical Approach | |
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| Applied Cognitive Task Analysis | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Shift Work | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Example: Poor Practices in Shift Work Scheduling Abound | |
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| Circadian Rhythms | |
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| Problems with Shift Work | |
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| Effects on Performance and Productivity | |
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| Improving Shift Work | |
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| Shift Work Schedules | |
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| Selecting Individuals for Shift Work | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| Design for Manufacture and Maintenance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Desire to Automate | |
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| Example: The Assembly of a Paper Picking Mechanism | |
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| What to Do and What to Avoid in Product Design | |
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| Designing Automation Using Boothroyd's Principles | |
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| MTM Analysis of an Assembly | |
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| Human Factors Principles in Design for Assembly | |
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| Exercise: Design for Job Satisfaction | |
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| Design for Maintainability | |
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| Design for Testability | |
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| Design for Accessibility | |
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| Design for Ease of Manipulation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Recommended Reading | |
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| Accidents, Human Errors, and Safety | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Interpreting Accident Statistics | |
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| Social and Developmental Factors in Accident Statistics | |
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| Example | |
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| Models and Definitions of Accidents | |
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| Accident Proneness | |
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| Human Error | |
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| Ergonomics for Productivity, Safety, Health, and Comfort | |
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| Machine Safety | |
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| Case Study: Robot Safety at IBM Corporation/Lexmark | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Recommended Readings | |
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| References | |
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| The Use of Human Factors/Ergonomics Checklists | |
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| Index | |