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About the authors | |
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Preface | |
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General principles of toxicology | |
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General considerations | |
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Definition and purpose of toxicology | |
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Scope and subdisciplines | |
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Early developments | |
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Recent developments | |
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Some challenges and successes | |
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Toxicity vs. other considerations | |
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Future prospects | |
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References | |
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U.S. laws that have a basis in toxicology | |
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Examples of outbreaks of mass poisoning | |
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Absorption, distribution, and excretion of toxicants | |
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Introduction | |
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Absorption | |
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Distribution | |
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Excretion | |
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Levels of toxicants in the body | |
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References | |
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Biotransformation of toxicants | |
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General considerations | |
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Phase I (degradation) reactions | |
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Phase II (conjugation) reactions | |
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Bioactivation | |
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Complex nature of biotransformation | |
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References | |
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Examples of bioactivation | |
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Toxic effects | |
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General considerations | |
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Spectrum of toxic effects | |
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Target organs | |
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Mechanisms of action | |
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Molecular targets: chemical nature | |
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Receptors | |
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References | |
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Modifying factors of toxic effects | |
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General considerations | |
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Host factors | |
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Environmental factors | |
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Chemical interaction | |
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References | |
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Mechanisms underlying certain modifying factors | |
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Strain-related differences in drug-induced responses | |
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Testing procedures for conventional and nontarget organ toxicities | |
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Conventional toxicity studies | |
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Introduction | |
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Acute toxicity studies | |
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Short-term and long-term toxicity studies | |
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Good laboratory practice | |
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References | |
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Additional reading | |
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General observations, clinical laboratory tests, and pathology examinations that may be used in short- and long-term toxicity studies | |
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Carcinogenesis | |
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Introduction | |
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Mode of action | |
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Categories of carcinogens | |
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Some human carcinogens/target organs | |
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Tests for carcinogenicity | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Additional reading | |
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Probable carcinogenic chemicals | |
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Biomarkers of carcinogenesis/human cancers | |
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Mutagenesis | |
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Introduction | |
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Gene mutation | |
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Chromosomal effects | |
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DNA repair and recombination | |
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Other tests | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Developmental toxicology | |
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Introduction | |
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Teratogens (developmental toxicants) and their effects | |
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Mode of action | |
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Teratogens of special interest | |
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Testing procedures | |
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Evaluation of teratogenic effects | |
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References | |
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Teratogens in animal models | |
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Lactation | |
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General remarks | |
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Benefits of breast-feeding | |
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Toxicants | |
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References | |
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Target organs and systems | |
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Toxicology of the immune system | |
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General considerations | |
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Components of the system | |
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Immunotoxicants | |
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Immunotoxicities: testing procedures | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Additional reading | |
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Respiratory system: inhalation toxicology | |
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Introduction | |
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Toxicants and their effects | |
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Testing procedures | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Site of action and pulmonary disease produced by selected occupationally inhaled toxicants | |
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Mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke | |
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Toxicology of the liver | |
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General considerations | |
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Types of liver injury | |
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Hepatotoxicants | |
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Testing procedures | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Examples of hepatotoxic agents and associated liver injury | |
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Toxicology of the kidney | |
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Introduction | |
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Nephrotoxicants: mechanism and site of action | |
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Testing procedure | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Additional reading | |
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Toxicology of the skin | |
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General considerations | |
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Types of toxic effects and dermatotoxicants | |
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Testing procedures | |
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Evaluation | |
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In vitro tests | |
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References | |
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Primary irritation | |
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Toxicology of the eye | |
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General considerations | |
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Toxicants and site of their effects | |
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Testing procedures | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Cataractogenic chemicals | |
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Grading of eye irritation | |
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Toxicology of the nervous system | |
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Introduction | |
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Neurotoxic effects and neurotoxicants | |
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Testing procedures | |
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Behavioral studies: testing procedures | |
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Evaluation | |
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References | |
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Select neurotoxicants described in text | |
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Reproductive and cardiovascular systems | |
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Reproductive system | |
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Introduction | |
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Toxicants and their effects | |
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Routine testing: multigeneration reproduction studies | |
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Other tests | |
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Cardiovascular system | |
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General considerations | |
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Toxic effects on the heart | |
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Toxic effects on blood vessels | |
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Testing procedures | |
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References | |
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Toxic substances and risk assessment | |
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Food additives and contaminants | |
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Introduction | |
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Toxicological testing and evaluation | |
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Additives of toxicological concern | |
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Indirect additives and contaminants | |
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Contaminants | |
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References | |
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Major functional groups of direct food additives | |
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Toxicity of pesticides | |
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Introduction | |
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Categories of pesticides | |
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Toxicological properties | |
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Testing, evaluation, and control | |
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Gulf War Syndrome | |
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References | |
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Toxicological findings and evaluation on certain insecticides | |
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Toxicity of metals | |
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Introduction | |
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Certain common features | |
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Common toxic effects | |
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Metals of major toxicological concern | |
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Risk/benefit considerations | |
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References | |
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Over-the-counter preparations | |
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General remarks | |
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Prevalence in society | |
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Adverse consequences | |
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References | |
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Environmental pollutants | |
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General remarks | |
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Air pollutants | |
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Water and soil pollutants | |
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References | |
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Occupational toxicology | |
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General remarks | |
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Exposure limits | |
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Occupational toxicants | |
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Monitoring | |
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References | |
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Acute pesticide toxicity, general signs and symptoms in humans | |
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Toxicologic evaluation: assessment of safety/risk | |
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Introduction | |
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Major approaches | |
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Acceptable daily intake (ADI/RfD)/safety assessment | |
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Mathematical models/risk assessment | |
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Other procedures | |
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International activities in toxicological evaluation | |
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References | |
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Chemical index | |
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Subject index | |