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| Figures | |
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| Tables | |
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| List of Abbreviations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The international economy, 1820-1913 | |
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| The causes of the growth of the international economy in the nineteenth century | |
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| Technological progress: industry and agriculture | |
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| Technical progress: transport and communications | |
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| The accumulation of capital | |
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| The growth of world population | |
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| The supply of natural resources | |
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| The growth of real incomes | |
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| The spread of economic freedom | |
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| The growth of international trade | |
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| International long-term capital movements, 1820-1913 | |
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| The growth of foreign investment | |
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| Direction of foreign investment | |
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| Determinants of capital outflow | |
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| The use of foreign funds in borrowing countries | |
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| Economic consequences of foreign investment | |
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| International migration, 1820-1913 | |
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| European migration, 1821-1913 | |
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| Migration and its causes | |
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| Aids to mass emigration | |
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| Economic consequences of migration | |
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| Intracontinental migration | |
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| Asiatic migration and tropical development | |
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| Commercial policy in the nineteenth century | |
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| Britain adopts free trade | |
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| The spread of free trade | |
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| The economic consequences of free trade | |
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| The return to protection | |
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| The economic consequences of protection | |
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| Foreign trade in the nineteenth century | |
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| The growth of world trade before 1913 | |
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| The direction of world trade before 1913 | |
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| The composition of world trade before 1913 | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The growth of a multilateral payments network | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Development of the system | |
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| Foreign investment and the multilateral settlements network | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| The growth of an international monetary system: the gold standard before 1913 | |
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| Bimetallic and monometallic standards | |
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| Britain adopts the gold standard | |
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| International monetary standards up to 1870 | |
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| The spread of the gold standard | |
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| The role of sterling as an international currency and the importance of the London capital market | |
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| The working of the gold standard | |
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| Divergence between classical theory and empirical evidence | |
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| Other features of the adjustment mechanism | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| International aspects of economic growth in the nineteenth century: the spread of industrialization | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The spread of industrialization | |
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| The contribution of the international economy | |
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| Causes of the limited spread of industrialization | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| International aspects of economic growth in the nineteenth century: the export economies | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Regions of recent settlement | |
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| The export economies | |
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| Economic imperialism and colonialism | |
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| Trends and fluctuations in the international economy before 1913 | |
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| The international transmission of business cycles | |
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| Long swings and the international economy | |
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| Long-run trends in the terms of trade | |
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| Phases of growth | |
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| The interwar years | |
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| The international economy in the interwar years | |
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| Primary production | |
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| Population growth and migration | |
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| Manufacturing production | |
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| Growth of world incomes | |
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| The intensification of protectionism | |
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| The restoration of the gold standard and the economic recovery of the 1920s | |
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| Postwar inflation and the restoration of the gold standard | |
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| Weaknesses in the postwar gold standard: international investment | |
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| Institutional weaknesses of the restored gold standard | |
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| The economic boom of the late 1920s | |
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| The collapse of the gold standard and the disintegration of the international economy | |
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| Crisis in agriculture | |
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| Financial crisis in Europe | |
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| The end of the gold standard | |
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| Growth of restrictions on finance and trade | |
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| International financial co-operation | |
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| Regional economic co-operation | |
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| International commodity control schemes | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| International trade during the interwar period | |
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| The growth of world trade in the interwar years | |
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| The direction of world trade between the wars | |
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| The changing composition of world trade | |
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| Diminishing trade hypothesis | |
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| The Great Depression: an overview | |
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| The United States and the Great Depression | |
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| Other factors in the Great Depression | |
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| Long-run factors and the Great Depression | |
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| The post-1945 international economy | |
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| Planning the future international economy and the transitional period, 1944-50 | |
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| The International Monetary Fund | |
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| The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development | |
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| The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade | |
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| Postwar reconstruction | |
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| The international economy since 1950 | |
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| Economic growth, an overview | |
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| Population growth and migration | |
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| International capital flows--private investment | |
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| International capital flows: foreign aid and other resource flows to developing countries | |
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| Technological change and world trade | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| International monetary relations, 1945-2000 | |
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| The IMF: 1947-61 | |
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| The IMF in the 1960s | |
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| Uncertain years, 1971-6 | |
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| The post-Jamaican period, 1976-2000 | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| The GATT, the World Trade Organization, and international commercial policy, 1947-2000 | |
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| The early years, 1947-60 | |
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| The GATT, the WTO and commercial policy, 1960-2000 | |
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| Concluding remarks | |
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| Trade and growth in the international economy, 1945-2000: the developed countries | |
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| World Trade | |
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| Economic growth in the advanced countries, 1950-2000 | |
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| Trade and growth in the international economy, 1945-2000: the developing economies, the centrally-planned economies and countries in transition | |
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| The developing economies | |
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| The centrally-planned economies | |
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| The countries in transition (CITs) | |
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| A summary: 1820-2000 and ahead | |
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| Index | |