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| List of Maps | |
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| List of Tables | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| The Use of Pinyin | |
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| Conquest and Consolidation | |
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| The Late Ming | |
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| The Glory of the Ming | |
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| Town and Farm | |
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| Corruption and Hardship | |
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| The Ming Collapse | |
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| The Manchu Conquest | |
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| The Rise of the Qing | |
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| Conquering the Ming | |
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| Adapting to China | |
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| Class and Resistance | |
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| Kangxi's Consolidation | |
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| The War of the Three Feudatories, 1673-1681 | |
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| Taiwan and Maritime China | |
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| Wooing the Intellectuals | |
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| Defining the Borders | |
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| A Mixed Legacy | |
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| Yongzheng's Authority | |
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| Qing Power and Taxation in the Countryside | |
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| The Center and Channels of Power | |
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| Moral Authority | |
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| Chinese Society and the Reign of Qianlong | |
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| Social Pressures and Population Growth | |
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| "Like the sun at Midday" | |
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| Eighteenth-Century Confucianism | |
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| The Dream of the Red Chamber | |
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| Qianlong's Later Years | |
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| China and the Eighteenth-Century World | |
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| Managing the Foreigners | |
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| Aliens and Chinese Law | |
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| Opium | |
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| Western Images of China | |
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| Fragmentation and Reform | |
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| The First Clash with the West | |
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| The Response of China's Scholars | |
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| China's Political Response | |
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| Britain's Military Response | |
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| The New Treaty System | |
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| The Crisis Within | |
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| Social Dislocation North and South | |
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| The Taiping | |
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| Foreign Pressures and Marx's Views | |
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| The Nian Rebellion | |
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| Muslim Revolts | |
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| Restoration through Reform | |
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| Confucian Reform | |
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| Defining Foreign Policy | |
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| The Missionary Presence | |
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| Overseas Chinese | |
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| New Tensions in the Late Qing | |
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| Self-Strengthening and the Japanese War | |
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| The Reform Movement of 1898 | |
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| Three Sides of Nationalism | |
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| Emerging Forces | |
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| The End of the Dynasty | |
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| The Qing Constitution | |
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| New Railways, New Army | |
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| Nationalists and Socialists | |
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| Qing Fall | |
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| Envisioning State and Society | |
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| The New Republic | |
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| Experiment in Democracy | |
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| The Rule of Yuan Shikai | |
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| Militarists in China and Chinese in France | |
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| The Political Thinking of Sun Yat-Sen | |
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| "A Road Is Made" | |
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| The Warning Voice of Social Darwinism | |
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| The Promise of Marxism | |
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| The Facets of May Fourth | |
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| The Comintern and the Birth of the Ccp | |
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| The Industrial Sector | |
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| The Clash | |
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| The Initial Alliance | |
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| Launching the Northern Expedition | |
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| Shanghai Spring | |
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| Wuhan Summer, Canton Winter | |
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| Experiments in Government | |
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| The Power Base of Chiang Kai-Shek | |
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| Mao Zedong and the Rural Soviets | |
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| China and the United States | |
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| China and Japan | |
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| China and Germany | |
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| The Drift to War | |
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| The Long March | |
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| The National Mood and Guomindang Ideology | |
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| Crisis at Xi'an | |
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| The Chinese Poor | |
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| War and Revolution | |
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| World War II | |
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| The Loss of East China | |
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| China Divided | |
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| Chongqing and Yan'an, 1938-1941 | |
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| Chongqing and Yan'an in the Widening War | |
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| War's End | |
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| The Fall of the Guomindang State | |
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| The Japanese Surrender and the Marshall Mission | |
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| Land Reform and the Manchurian Base | |
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| The Losing Battle with Inflation | |
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| Defeat of the Guomindang Armies | |
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| The Birth of the People's Republic | |
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| Countryside and Town, 1949-1950 | |
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| The Structure of the New Government | |
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| The Korean War | |
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| Mass Party, Mass Campaigns | |
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| Planning the New Society | |
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| The First Five-Year Plan | |
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| Foreign Policy and the National Minorities | |
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| Army Reform | |
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| The Hundred Flowers | |
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| Deepening the Revolution | |
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| The Great Leap Forward | |
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| The Sino-Soviet Rift | |
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| Political Investigation and "Socialist Education" | |
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| The Cult of Mao and the Critics | |
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| Launching the Cultural Revolution | |
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| Party Retrenchment and the Death of Lin Biao | |
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| Living in the World | |
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| Reopening the Doors | |
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| The United States and the Nixon Visit | |
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| Attacking Confucius and Lin Biao | |
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| Defining the Economy, 1974-1975 | |
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| 1976: the Old Guard Dies | |
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| Redefining Revolution | |
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| The Four Modernizations | |
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| The Fifth Modernization | |
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| Taiwan and the Special Economic Zones | |
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| "Truth From Facts" | |
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| Levels of Power | |
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| One Billion People | |
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| Governing China in the 1980s | |
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| The Problems of Prosperity, 1983-1984 | |
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| Rebuilding the Law | |
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| Testing the Limits | |
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| Emerging Tensions in 1985 | |
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| Democracy's Chorus | |
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| Broadening the Base | |
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| Social Strains | |
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| The Breaking Point | |
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| Notes and Permissions | |
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| Further Readings | |
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| Glossary | |
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| About the Color Illustrations | |
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| Illustration Credits | |
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| A Note on the Calligraphy | |
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| Index | |
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| Map: China During the Late Ming | |
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| Map: Contemporary China | |