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| Preface to the 1981 Edition | |
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| The Founders | |
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| Bibliographical Note | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Origins of Dialectic | |
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| The contingency of human existence | |
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| The soteriology of Plotinus | |
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| Plotinus and Christian Platonism. The search for the reason of creation | |
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| Eriugena and Christian theogony | |
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| Eckhart and the dialectic of deification | |
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| Nicholas of Cusa. The contradictions of Absolute Being | |
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| Bohme and the duality of Being | |
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| Angelus Silesius and Fenelon: salvation through annihilation | |
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| The Enlightenment. The realization of man in the schema of naturalism | |
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| Rousseau and Hume. Destruction of the belief in natural harmony | |
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| Kant. The duality of man's being, and its remedy | |
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| Fichte and the self-conquest of the spirit | |
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| Hegel. The progress of consciousness towards the Absolute | |
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| Hegel. Freedom as the goal of history | |
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| The Hegelian Left | |
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| The disintegration of Hegelianism | |
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| David Strauss and the critique of religion | |
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| Cieszkowski and the philosophy of action | |
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| Bruno Bauer and the negativity of self-consciousness | |
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| Arnold Ruge. The radicalization of the Hegelian Left | |
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| Marx's Thought in Its Earliest Phase | |
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| Early years and studies | |
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| Hellenistic philosophy as understood by the Hegelians | |
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| Marx's studies of Epicurus. Freedom and self-consciousness | |
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| Hess and Feuerbach | |
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| Hess. The philosophy of action | |
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| Hess. Revolution and freedom | |
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| Feuerbach and religious alienation | |
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| Feuerbach's second phase. Sources of the religious fallacy | |
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| Marx's Early Political and Philosophical Writings | |
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| The state and intellectual freedom | |
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| Criticism of Hegel. The state, society, individuality | |
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| The idea of social emancipation | |
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| The discovery of the proletariat | |
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| The Paris Manuscripts. The Theory of Alienated Labour. The Young Engels | |
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| Critique of Hegel. Labour as the foundation of humanity | |
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| The social and practical character of knowledge | |
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| The alienation of labour. Dehumanized man | |
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| Critique of Feuerbach | |
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| Engels's early writings | |
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| The Holy Family | |
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| Communism as a historical trend. The class-consciousness of the proletariat | |
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| Progress and the masses | |
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| The world of needs | |
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| The tradition of materialism | |
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| The German Ideology | |
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| The concept of ideology | |
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| Social being and consciousness | |
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| The division of labour, and its abolition | |
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| Individuality and freedom | |
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| Stirner and the philosophy of egocentrism | |
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| Critique of Stirner. The individual and the community | |
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| Alienation and the division of labour | |
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| The liberation of man and the class struggle | |
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| The epistemological meaning of the theory of false consciousness | |
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| Recapitulation | |
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| Socialist Ideas in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century as Compared with Marxian Socialism | |
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| The rise of the socialist idea | |
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| Babouvism | |
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| Saint-Simonism | |
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| Owen | |
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| Fourier | |
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| Proudhon | |
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| Weitling | |
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| Cabet | |
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| Blanqui | |
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| Blanc | |
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| Marxism and 'utopian socialism' | |
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| Marx's critique of Proudhon | |
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| The Communist Manifesto | |
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| The Writings and Struggles of Marx and Engels after 1847 | |
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| Developments in the 1850s | |
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| Lassalle | |
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| The First International. Bakunin | |
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| Capitalism as a Dehumanized World. The Nature of Exploitation | |
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| The controversy as to the relation of Capital to Marx's early writings | |
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| The classical economic tradition and the theory of value | |
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| The double form of value and the double character of labour | |
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| Commodity fetishism. Labour-power as a commodity | |
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| The alienation of labour and of its product | |
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| The alienation of the process of socialization | |
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| The pauperization of the working class | |
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| The nature and historical mission of capitalism | |
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| The distribution of surplus value | |
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| The Contradictions of Capital and Their Abolition. The Unity of Analysis and Action | |
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| The falling rate of profit and the inevitable collapse of capitalism | |
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| The economic and political struggle of the proletariat | |
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| The nature of socialism, and its two phases | |
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| The dialectic of Capital: the whole and the part, the concrete and the abstract | |
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| The dialectic of Capital: consciousness and the historical process | |
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| Comments on Marx's theory of value and exploitation | |
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| The Motive Forces of the Historical Process | |
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| Productive forces, relations of production, superstructure | |
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| Social being and consciousness | |
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| Historical progress and its contradictions | |
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| The monistic interpretation of social relationships | |
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| The concept of class | |
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| The origin of class | |
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| The functions of the state and its abolition | |
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| Commentary on historical materialism | |
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| The Dialectic of Nature | |
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| The scientistic approach | |
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| Materialism and idealism. The twilight of philosophy | |
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| Space and time | |
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| The variability of nature | |
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| Multiple forms of change | |
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| Causality and chance | |
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| The dialectic in nature and in thought | |
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| Quantity and quality | |
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| Contradictions in the world | |
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| The negation of the negation | |
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| Critique of agnosticism | |
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| Experience and theory | |
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| The relativity of knowledge | |
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| Practice as the criterion of truth | |
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| The sources of religion | |
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| Recapitulation and Philosophical Commentary | |
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| Marx's philosophy and that of Engels | |
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| Three motifs in Marxism | |
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| Marxism as the source of Leninism | |
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| Selective Bibliography | |
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| The Golden Age | |
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| Bibliographical Note | |
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| Marxism and the Second International | |
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| German Orthodoxy: Karl Kautsky | |
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| Life and writings | |
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| Nature and society | |
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| Consciousness and the development of society | |
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| Revolution and socialism | |
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| Critique of Leninism | |
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| Inconsistencies in Kautsky's philosophy | |
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| A note on Mehring | |
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| Rosa Luxemburg and the Revolutionary Left | |
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| Biographical information | |
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| The theory of accumulation and the inevitable collapse of capitalism | |
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| Reform and revolution | |
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| The consciousness of the proletariat and forms of political organization | |
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| The national question | |
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| Bernstein and Revisionism | |
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| The concept of revisionism | |
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| Biographical information | |
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| The laws of history and the dialectic | |
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| The revolution and the 'ultimate goal" | |
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| The significance of revisionism | |
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| Jean Jaures: Marxism as a Soteriology | |
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| Jaures as a conciliator | |
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| Biographical outline | |
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| The metaphysics of universal unity | |
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| The directing forces of history | |
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| Socialism and the republic | |
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| Jaures's Marxism | |
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| Paul Lafargue: a Hedonist Marxism | |
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| Georges Sorel: a Jansenist Marxism | |
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| The place of Sorel | |
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| Biographical outline | |
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| Rationalism versus history. Utopia and myth. Criticism of the Enlightenment | |
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| 'Ricorsi.' The separation of classes and the discontinuity of culture | |
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| Moral revolution and historical necessity | |
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| Marxism, anarchism, Fascism | |
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| Antonio Labriola: an Attempt at an Open Orthodoxy | |
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| Labriola's style | |
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| Biographical note | |
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| Early writings | |
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| Philosophy of history | |
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| Ludwik Krzywicki: Marxism as an Instrument of Sociology | |
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| Biographical note | |
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| Critique of the biological theory of society | |
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| Prospects of socialism | |
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| Mind and production. Tradition and change | |
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| Kazimierz Kelles-Krauz: a Polish Brand of Orthodoxy | |
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| Stanislaw Brzozowski: Marxism as Historical Subjectivism | |
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| Biographical note | |
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| Philosophical development | |
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| The philosophy of labour | |
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| Socialism, the proletariat, and the nation | |
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| Brzozowski's Marxism | |
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| Austro-Marxists, Kantians in the Marxist Movement, Ethical Socialism | |
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| The concept of Austro-Marxism | |
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| The revival of Kantianism | |
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| Ethical socialism | |
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| Kantianism in Marxism | |
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| The Austro-Marxists: biographical information | |
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| Adler: the transcendental foundation of the social sciences | |
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| Adler's critique of materialism and the dialectic | |
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| Adler: consciousness and social being | |
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| What is and what ought to be | |
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| The state, democracy, and dictatorship | |
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| The future of religion | |
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| Bauer: the theory of the nation | |
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| Hilferding: the controversy on the theory of value | |
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| Hilferding: the theory of imperialism | |
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| The Beginnings of Russian Marxism | |
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| Intellectual movements during the reign of Nicholas I | |
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| Herzen | |
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| Chernyshevsky | |
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| Populism and the first reception of Marxism | |
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| Plekhanov and the Codification of Marxism | |
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| The origins of Marxist orthodoxy in Russia | |
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| Dialectical and historical materialism | |
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| Marxist aesthetics | |
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| The struggle against revisionism | |
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| The conflict with Leninism | |
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| Marxism in Russia Before the Rise of Bolshevism | |
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| Lenin: early journalistic writings | |
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| Struve and 'legal Marxism' | |
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| Lenin's polemics in 1895-1901 | |
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| The Rise of Leninism | |
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| The controversy over Leninism | |
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| The party and the workers' movement. Consciousness and spontaneity | |
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| The question of nationality | |
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| The proletariat and the bourgeoisie in the democratic revolution. Trotsky and the 'permanent revolution' | |
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| Philosophy and Politics in the Bolshevik Movement | |
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| Factional struggles at the time of the 1905 Revolution | |
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| New intellectual trends in Russia | |
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| Empiriocriticism | |
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| Bogdanov and the Russian empiriocritics | |
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| The philosophy of the proletariat | |
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| The 'God-builders' | |
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| Lenin's excursion into philosophy | |
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| Lenin and religion | |
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| Lenin's dialectical Notebooks | |
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| The Fortunes of Leninism: from a Theory of the State to a State Ideology | |
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| The Bolsheviks and the War | |
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| The Revolutions of 1917 | |
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| The beginnings of socialist economy | |
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| The dictatorship of the proletariat and the dictatorship of the party | |
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| The theory of imperialism and of revolution | |
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| Socialism and the dictatorship of the proletariat | |
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| Trotsky on dictatorship | |
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| Lenin as an ideologist of totalitarianism | |
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| Martov on the Bolshevik ideology | |
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| Lenin as a polemicist. Lenin's genius | |
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| Selective Bibliography | |
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| The Breakdown | |
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| Preface | |
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| Bibliographical Note | |
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| The First Phase of Soviet Marxism. The Beginnings of Stalinism | |
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| What was Stalinism? | |
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| The stages of Stalinism | |
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| Stalin's early life and rise to power | |
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| Socialism in one country | |
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| Bukharin and the N.E.P. ideology. The economic controversy of the 1920s | |
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| Theoretical Controversies in Soviet Marxism in the 1920s | |
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| The intellectual and political climate | |
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| Bukharin as a philosopher | |
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| Philosophical controversies: Deborin versus the mechanists | |
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| Marxism as the Ideology of the Soviet State | |
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| The ideological significance of the great purges | |
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| Stalin's codification of Marxism | |
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| The Comintern and the ideological transformation of international Communism | |
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| The Crystallization of Marxism-Leninism after the Second World War | |
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| The wartime interlude | |
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| The new ideological offensive | |
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| The philosophical controversy of 1947 | |
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| The economic debate | |
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| Marxism-Leninism in physics and cosmology | |
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| Marxist-Leninist genetics | |
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| General effect on Soviet science | |
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| Stalin on philology | |
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| Stalin on the Soviet economy | |
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| General features of Soviet culture in Stalin's last years | |
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| The cognitive status of dialectical materialism | |
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| The roots and significance of Stalinism. The question of a 'new class' | |
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| European Marxism during the last phase of Stalinism | |
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| Trotsky | |
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| The years of exile | |
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| Trotsky's analysis of the Soviet system, the bureaucracy, and 'Thermidor' | |
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| Bolshevism and Stalinism. The idea of Soviet democracy | |
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| Criticism of Soviet economic and foreign policy | |
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| Fascism, democracy, and war | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Antonio Gramsci: Communist Revisionism | |
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| Life and works | |
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| The self-sufficiency of history; historical relativism | |
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| Critique of 'economism'. Prevision and will | |
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| Critique of materialism | |
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| Intellectuals and the class struggle. The concept of hegemony | |
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| Organization and mass movement. The society of the future | |
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| Summary | |
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| Gyorgy Lukacs: Reason in the Service of Dogma | |
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| Life and intellectual development. Early writings | |
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| The whole and the part: critique of empiricism | |
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| The subject and object of history. Theory and practice. What is and what ought to be. Critique of neo-Kantianism and evolutionism | |
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| Critique of the 'dialectic of nature' and the theory of reflection. The concept of reification | |
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| Class-consciousness and organization | |
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| Critique of irrationalism | |
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| The whole, mediation, and mimesis as aesthetic categories | |
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| Realism, socialist realism, and the avant-garde | |
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| The exposition of Marxist mythology. Commentary | |
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| Lukacs as a Stalinist, and his critique of Stalinism | |
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| Karl Korsch | |
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| Biographical data | |
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| Theory and practice. Movement and ideology. Historical relativism | |
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| Three phases of Marxism | |
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| Critique of Kautsky | |
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| Critique of Leninism | |
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| A new definition of Marxism | |
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| Lucien Goldmann | |
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| Life and writings | |
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| Genetic structuralism, Weltanschauung, and class-consciousness | |
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| The tragic world-view | |
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| Goldmann and Lukacs. Comment on genetic structuralism | |
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| The Frankfurt School and 'Critical Theory' | |
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| Historical and biographical notes | |
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| Principles of critical theory | |
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| Negative dialectics | |
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| Critique of existential 'authenticism' | |
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| Critique of 'enlightenment' | |
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| Erich Fromm | |
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| Critical theory (continued). Jurgen Habermas | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Herbert Marcuse: Marxism as a Totalitarian Utopia of the New Left | |
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| Hegel and Marx versus positivism | |
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| Critique of contemporary civilization | |
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| 'One-dimensional man' | |
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| The revolution against freedom | |
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| Commentary | |
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| Ernst Bloch: Marxism as a Futuristic Gnosis | |
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| Life and writings | |
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| Basic ideas | |
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| Greater and lesser day-dreams | |
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| Marxism as a 'concrete Utopia' | |
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| Death as an anti-Utopia. God does not yet exist, but he will | |
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| Matter and materialism | |
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| Natural law | |
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| Bloch's political orientation | |
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| Conclusion and comments | |
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| Developments in Marxism since Stalin's Death | |
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| 'De-Stalinization' | |
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| Revisionism in Eastern Europe | |
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| Yugoslav revisionism | |
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| Revisionism and orthodoxy in France | |
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| Marxism and the 'New Left' | |
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| The peasant Marxism of Mao Tse-tung | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| New Epilogue | |
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| Selective Bibliography | |
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| Index | |