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| Who Cares About Wildlife? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Wildlife-Associated Recreation and Tourism | |
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| Human-Wildlife Conflict | |
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| Wildlife Disease | |
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| The Condition of Wildlife and the Environment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Human Dimensions of Wildlife | |
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| Human Dimensions as Part of the Wildlife Management Tradition of North America | |
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| Broadening the Interest in Human Dimensions of Wildlife | |
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| Why a Human Dimensions Approach to Wildlife Conservation and Management? | |
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| Why This Book? | |
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| Concepts for Examining Human-Wildlife Relationships | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| The Biological Context of Wildlife Values: Are There Etchings on the Slate? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Short History of Biology and the Social Sciences | |
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| The Biological Basis for Human Values Toward Wildlife: A Pleistocene Psychology? | |
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| Killer Apes | |
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| Biophilia | |
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| Anthropomorphizing | |
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| Behavioral Genetics: A Mechanism for Biological Influence on Human Thought and Behavior | |
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| Psychopathology and Personality | |
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| Heritability of Values and Attitudes | |
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| Attitudes Toward Wildlife and Wildlife Values | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Key Points Regarding the Biological Basis of Human-Wildlife Interactions | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| References | |
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| Understanding the Feeling Component of Human-Wildlife Interactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Emotions Are Part of Affect | |
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| Types of Emotions | |
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| Conceptual Approaches to Emotions | |
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| Emotions and Cognitions | |
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| Effects of Emotion on Memory | |
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| Emotion's Effects on Decision Processes | |
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| Emotions and Attitude Change | |
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| Emotions and Norms | |
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| Emotions and Values | |
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| Emotions and Wildlife Value Orientations | |
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| Emotions, Health Effects, and Interactions with Wildlife | |
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| Summary | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| Summary Points About Emotion | |
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| References | |
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| Attitudes and the Study of Human Dimensions of Wildlife | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining Attitudes | |
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| How We Measure Attitudes | |
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| What Functions Do Attitudes Serve? | |
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| The Object-Appraisal Function | |
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| The Value-Expressive Function | |
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| The Social-Adjustment Function | |
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| The Ego-Defensive Function | |
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| Topics in Attitude Theory | |
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| Attitudes Are Consistent with Other Attitudes and Beliefs | |
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| Attitudes Are the Result of Behavior | |
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| Attitudes Are the Proximate Cause of Behavior | |
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| At Times, Attitudes Do Not Affect Behavior | |
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| There Are Two Types of Attitudes, and They Can Be Contradictory | |
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| Attitude Theory Applied in Human Dimensions of Wildlife | |
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| Descriptive Approaches | |
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| Theoretical Approaches | |
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| Stated Choice Models | |
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| The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior | |
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| Factors Affecting Attitude-Behavior Relationships | |
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| Specificity | |
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| Salience | |
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| Attitude Strength | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| Summary Points About Attitudes | |
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| References | |
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| Norms: Social Influences on Human Thoughts About Wildlife | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Social Norms | |
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| Defining Social Norms | |
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| Multiple Social Groups, Roles, and Norms | |
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| Norms as Conditional and Ambiguous | |
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| The Origins and Emergence of Norms | |
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| Conceptual Approaches in Application of Norms | |
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| Schwartz's Normative-Based Decision Model | |
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| Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior (TRA/TPB) | |
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| Norm Focus Theory | |
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| Identity Theory | |
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| Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Self-Categorization Theory (SCT) | |
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| Norms in Natural Resource Management | |
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| The Norms, Values, Emotions, and Attitudes of Groups as a Framework for Examining Wildlife Issues | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Values, Ideology, and Value Orientations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Origins of Interest in the Wildlife Values Topic | |
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| Prior Research on Wildlife Values | |
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| Theory on Social Values | |
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| Characteristics of the Values Concept | |
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| Clarifying the Relationship Among Concepts of Values, Ideology, and Value Orientations | |
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| Value Orientations | |
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| Wildlife Value Orientations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| References | |
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| Cultural Perspectives on Human-Wildlife Relationships | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Different Cultural Perspectives Regarding Wildlife | |
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| Differences in Human-Wildlife Relationships by Stage of Cultural Development or Structure of Society | |
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| Differences by Religious Orientation | |
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| A Trend Toward Human-Nature Separation Affects Human Views of Wildlife | |
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| Culture Change and Ideology | |
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| An Historical View of Material Theories of Culture Change | |
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| Culture Shift in Post-industrial Society | |
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| Post-modernization Theory | |
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| Ideology and Culture Change | |
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| Summary | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| References | |
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| Integrating Concepts: Demonstration of a Multilevel Model for Exploring the Rise of Mutualism Value Orientations in Post-industrial Society | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Strengthening the Conceptual Foundation of HWD Research | |
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| Example Case Study | |
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| Study Background: The Re-emergence of a Mutualism Wildlife Value Orientation Study Question | |
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| Central Thesis: The Re-emergence of a Mutualism Orientation | |
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| Micro Model: Wildlife Value Orientations and Individual Action | |
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| Wildlife Value Orientations Reflect the Infusion of Broad-Based Ideology into the VAB Hierarchy | |
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| Measurement of Wildlife Value Orientations | |
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| Source of Data | |
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| Tests of the Micro Model | |
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| Macro Model: Exploring the Impact of Modernization on Wildlife Value Orientations | |
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| Wildlife Professionals Identify the Implications of Value Shift for Conservation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Changing Role of Wildlife Professionals | |
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| Generalizations About Mutualism Beyond North America | |
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| Summary | |
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| Management Implications | |
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| References | |
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| Item Scales for Developing Wildlife Value Orientations in North America | |
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| Content Validity | |
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| Tests of Reliability | |
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| Construct Validity | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |