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| What is Grammar? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Grammar as a Set of Rules | |
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| Language and Change | |
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| Linguists and Grammar | |
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| Language is Rule-Governed | |
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| Language as a Set of Rules versus Language as Rule-Governed | |
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| Prescriptive versus Descriptive Grammar | |
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| Prescriptive Grammar | |
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| Descriptive Grammar | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 1 Discovery Activities | |
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| Morphology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Word Classes | |
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| Context and Function | |
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| Word Plays and Context: An Additional Illustration | |
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| Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories | |
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| Open Word Classes | |
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| Closed Word Classes | |
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| Overview: Major Parts of Speech | |
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| Nouns | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Verbs | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Morphology | |
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| Bound and Free Morphemes | |
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| Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes | |
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| Derivational Morphemes | |
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| Inflectional Morphemes | |
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| Redundancy in Language | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| The Noun Phrase | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Identifying Nouns | |
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| Context and Function | |
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| Semantic Clues | |
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| Structural Clues | |
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| Derivational Clues | |
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| Morphological Clues | |
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| Different Types of Nouns | |
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| Count and Noncount Nouns | |
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| Crossover Nouns | |
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| Structure Words that Signal Nouns | |
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| Demonstratives | |
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| Quantifiers | |
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| Pronouns | |
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| Discovery Activity 11 | |
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| Types of Pronouns by Function | |
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| Subject Pronouns | |
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| Object Pronouns | |
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| Possessive Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives | |
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| Reflexive Pronouns | |
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| Indefinite Pronouns | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 3 Discovery Activities | |
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| Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Adjectives | |
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| Identification of Adjectives | |
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| Semantic Clues | |
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| Morphological Clues | |
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| Derivational | |
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| Inflectional | |
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| Structural Clues | |
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| Identifying Adjectives | |
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| Order of Adjectives | |
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| Adjective Types | |
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| Special Types of Adjectives | |
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| Nouns Functioning as Adjectives | |
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| Participial Adjectives | |
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| Adverbs | |
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| Different Subclasses of Adverbs | |
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| Frequency Adverbs | |
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| Time and Place Adverbs | |
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| The ""Other"" Adverbs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 4 Discovery Activities | |
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| Introduction to Verbs and Verb Phrases | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Identifying Verbs | |
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| Semantic Clues | |
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| Morphological Clues | |
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| Derivational | |
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| Inflectional | |
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| Structural Clues | |
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| Main Verbs versus Auxiliary Verbs | |
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| The Primary Auxiliary Verbs Have, Be, Do | |
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| Do as a Verb Helper | |
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| Transitive and Intransitive Verbs | |
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| Transitive Verbs | |
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| Intransitive Verbs | |
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| Di-transitive Verbs | |
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| Intransitive Verbs and Complements | |
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| Verbs that are Both Transitive and Intransitive | |
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| Verbs Followed by Infinitives and Gerunds | |
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| Verb/Gerund Variations | |
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| Phrasal Verbs | |
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| Phrasal Verbs versus Verb + Preposition/Adverb | |
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| Testing for Phrasal Verbs | |
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| Types of Phrasal Verbs | |
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| Intransitive Inseparable | |
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| Transitive Inseparable | |
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| Transitive Separable | |
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| Transitive Inseparable with 2 Prepositions/Adverbs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 5 Discovery Activities | |
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| Time, Tense, and Aspect of Verbs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Verbs and Inflections | |
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| Time, Tense, and Aspect | |
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| Present | |
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| Simple Present | |
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| Present Progressive | |
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| Past | |
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| Simple Past | |
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| Past Progressive | |
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| Future | |
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| Will<sup>4</sup> | |
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| Be Going To | |
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| Discovery Activity | |
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| Present Progressive for the Future | |
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| Future Progressive | |
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| Perfect | |
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| Present Perfect | |
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| Past Perfect | |
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| Future Perfect | |
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| Present Perfect Progressive, Past Perfect Progressive, Future Perfect Progressive | |
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| Summary | |
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| First Auxiliary Rule for Negative Statements and Questions | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 6 Discovery Activities | |
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| Modal Auxiliary Verbs and Related Structures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The ""Pure"" Modals | |
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| Modal Auxiliaries versus Primary Auxiliaries | |
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| The Modal Auxiliaries | |
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| Modal Meaning: Ability | |
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| Modal Meaning: Permission and Polite Requests | |
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| Modal Meaning: Possibility or Probability | |
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| Modal and Related Structures Meaning: Necessity or Obligation | |
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| Modal Meaning: Prohibition | |
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| Modal and Related Structure Meaning: Advice or Suggestion | |
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| Modal Meaning: Expectation | |
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| Modal Meaning: Unfulfilled Expectation, Mistake | |
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| Would and the Conditional | |
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| The Many Uses of Would | |
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| Modals and ESL/EFL Learners | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 7 Discovery Activities | |
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| Basic Sentence Patterns and Major Variations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of Sentence Constituents | |
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| Noun Phrases and Prepositional Phrases | |
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| Verb Phrases | |
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| Adjective and Adverb Phrases | |
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| Questions | |
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| Yes/No Questions | |
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| Wh-Questions | |
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| Discovery Activity 4 | |
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| Passive | |
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| The ""by-phrase"" | |
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| The Passive and Tense | |
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| The Passive versus the Active | |
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| Explaining Passive Formation | |
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| Understanding Passive Use | |
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| Get | |
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| Substitution | |
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| Do | |
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| Substitution and First Auxiliary Rule | |
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| Substitution and Inversion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Optional Follow Up | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 8 Discovery Activities | |
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| Discussion: Sentence Problem | |
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| Compound Sentences and Introduction to Complex Sentences: Adverbial Clauses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Clauses versus Phrases | |
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| Compound Sentences | |
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| Coordinators | |
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| Transition Words or Phrases | |
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| Complex Sentences | |
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| Complex Sentences and Multiple Subordinate Clauses | |
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| Subordinate Clauses and Word Order | |
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| GLUE | |
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| Types of Complex Clauses | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Time | |
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| When and While | |
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| Whenever | |
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| Until | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Contrast | |
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| Unexpected Result | |
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| Direct Opposition | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Place | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Cause | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Result | |
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| Adverbial Clause of Purpose | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Condition | |
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| Real Conditions | |
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| Present Unreal Conditions | |
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| Past Unreal Conditions | |
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| Conditional Sentences Without ""If"" | |
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| Mixed Time | |
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| Adverbial Clauses of Manner | |
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| Reduced Adverbial Clauses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 9 Discovery Activities | |
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| Complex Sentences Continued Relative Clauses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Relative Pronouns | |
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| Two Types of Relative Clauses: Essential and Nonessential | |
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| Which versus That | |
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| Whose | |
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| Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects | |
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| Who versus whom | |
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| Omission of Relative Pronouns | |
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| Relative Adverbs | |
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| Reduced Relative Clauses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 10 Discovery Activities | |
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| Complex Sentences Continued: Noun Clauses | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Noun Clauses | |
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| That Noun Clauses | |
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| Verb + That Noun Clause | |
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| Different Verb + Noun Clause Patterns | |
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| Other Noun Clause Patterns | |
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| Omission of That | |
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| The Use of the Simpleor Base Verb in That Noun Clauses | |
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| The Different Functions of That | |
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| Distinguishing Relative Clauses and Noun Clauses with That | |
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| Noun Clauses Derived from Questions | |
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| Wh-Question Words | |
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| Yes/No Questions and Noun Clauses | |
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| Reported Speech | |
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| Statements | |
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| Questions | |
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| Other Patterns in Reported Speech | |
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| Imperatives | |
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| Exclamations | |
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| Formal Sequencing of Verb Tenses | |
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| Pronoun and Other Changes | |
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| Say versus Tell | |
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| Reported Speech as Impression | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 11 Discovery Activities | |
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| Verbal Constructions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Gerunds and Gerund Phrases | |
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| Negation and Gerunds | |
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| Possessive Gerunds | |
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| Participial Phrases | |
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| Types of Participles | |
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| Past Participles (-ed) in Participial Phrases | |
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| Distinguishing the Different -ed Participles | |
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| Time | |
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| Passive Participial Phrases | |
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| Infinitives | |
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| Function | |
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| Infinitives as Direct Objects of Verbs | |
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| Other Patterns | |
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| Infinitives as Subjects | |
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| Infinitives After Be + Certain Adjectives | |
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| Other Structures with Infinitives | |
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| Base Verbs or ""Bare Infinitives"" | |
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| Causative Verbs | |
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| Time | |
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| Basic Infinitive | |
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| Perfect Infinitive | |
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| Summary | |
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| Practice Activities | |
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| Answer Key: Chapter 12 Discovery Activities | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Irregular English Verbs in Alphabetical List<sup>1</sup> | |
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| Some Patterns of Common Irregular Verbs | |
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| Essential Spelling Rules | |
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| Gerunds and Infinitives After Verbs | |
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| Common Adverbial Subordinator | |
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| The Eight Inflectional Morphemes of English | |
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| The Minor Categories, The Structure Words | |
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| Summary of Major Learner Difficulties | |
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| Index | |