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Preface | |
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Structure of Matter | |
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Matter and Energy | |
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Radiation | |
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The Atom | |
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Electronic Structure of the Atom | |
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Structure of the Nucleus | |
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Nuclear Binding Energy | |
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Nuclear Nomenclature | |
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Chart of the Nuclides | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Radioactive Decay | |
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Spontaneous Fission | |
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Isomeric Transition | |
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Gamma ([gamma])-Ray Emission | |
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Internal Conversion | |
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Alpha ([alpha])-Decay | |
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Beta ([beta superscript -])-Decay | |
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Positron ([beta superscript +])-Decay | |
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Electron Capture | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Kinetics of Radioactive Decay | |
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Radioactive Decay Equations | |
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General Equation | |
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Half-Life | |
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Mean Life | |
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Effective Half-life | |
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Units of Radioactivity | |
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Specific Activity | |
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Calculation | |
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Successive Decay Equations | |
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General Equation | |
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Transient Equilibrium | |
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Secular Equilibrium | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Statistics of Radiation Counting | |
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Error, Accuracy, and Precision | |
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Mean and Standard Deviation | |
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Gaussian Distribution | |
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Standard Deviation of Count Rates | |
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Propagation of Errors | |
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Chi-Square Test | |
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Minimum Detectable Activity | |
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Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Production of Radionuclides | |
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Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides | |
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Reactor-Produced Radionuclides | |
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Fission or (n, f) Reaction | |
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Neutron Capture or (n, [gamma]) Reaction | |
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Target and Its Processing | |
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Equation for Production of Radionuclides | |
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Radionuclide Generators | |
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[superscript 99]Mo-[superscript 99m]Tc Generator | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Interaction of Radiation with Matter | |
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Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter | |
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Specific Ionization | |
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Linear Energy Transfer | |
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Range | |
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Bremsstrahlung | |
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Annihilation | |
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Interaction of [gamma]-Radiations with Matter | |
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Mechanism of Interaction of [gamma]-Radiations | |
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Attenuation of [gamma]-Radiations | |
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Interaction of Neutrons with Matter | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Gas-Filled Detectors | |
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Principles of Gas-Filled Detectors | |
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Ionization Chambers | |
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Cutie Pie Survey Meter | |
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Dose Calibrator | |
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Pocket Dosimeter | |
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Geiger-Muller Counters | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Scintillation and Semiconductor Detectors | |
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Scintillation Detectors | |
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Solid Scintillation Detectors | |
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Semiconductor Detectors | |
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Solid Scintillation Counters | |
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NaI(Tl) Detector | |
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Photomultiplier Tube | |
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Preamplifier | |
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Linear Amplifier | |
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Pulse-Height Analyzer | |
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Display or Storage | |
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Gamma-Ray Spectrometry | |
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Photopeak | |
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Compton Valley, Edge, and Plateau | |
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Characteristic X-Ray Peak | |
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Backscatter Peak | |
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Iodine Escape Peak | |
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Annihilation Peak | |
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Coincidence Peak | |
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Liquid Scintillation Counters | |
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Characteristics of Counting Systems | |
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Energy Resolution | |
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Detection Efficiency | |
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Dead Time | |
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Gamma Well Counters | |
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Calibration of Well Counters | |
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Counting in Well Counters | |
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Effects of Sample Volume | |
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Thyroid Probe | |
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Thyroid Uptake Measurement | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Gamma Cameras | |
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Gamma Cameras | |
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Principles of Operation | |
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Detector | |
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Collimator | |
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Photomultiplier Tube | |
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X-, Y-Positioning Circuit | |
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Pulse-Height Analyzer | |
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Display and Storage | |
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Digital Cameras | |
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Solid State Digital Cameras | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Performance Parameters of Gamma Cameras | |
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Spatial Resolution | |
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Intrinsic Resolution | |
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Collimator Resolution | |
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Scatter Resolution | |
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Evaluation of Spatial Resolution | |
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Bar Phantom | |
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Line-Spread Function | |
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Modular Transfer Function | |
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Sensitivity | |
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Collimator Efficiency | |
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Uniformity | |
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Pulse-Height Variation | |
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Nonlinearity | |
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Edge Packing | |
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Gamma Camera Tuning | |
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Effects of High Counting Rates | |
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Contrast | |
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Q`ality Control Tests for Gamma Cameras | |
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Daily Checks | |
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Weekly Checks | |
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Annual or As-Needed Checks | |
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Questions | |
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References and Suggested Readings | |
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Digital Computers in Nuclear Medicine | |
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Basics of a Computer | |
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Central Processing Unit | |
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Computer Memory | |
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External Storage Devices | |
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Input/Output Devices | |
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Operation of a Computer | |
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Digitization of Analog Data | |
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Digital-to-Analog Conversion | |
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Digital Images | |
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Application of Computers in Nuclear Medicine | |
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Digital Data Acquisition | |
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Static Study | |
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Dynamic Study | |
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Gated Study | |
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Reconstruction of Images | |
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Superimposition and Subtraction of Images | |
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Display | |
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Software and DICOM | |
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PACS | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
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Tomographic Imaging | |
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Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
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Data Acquisition | |
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Image Reconstruction | |
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SPECT/CT | |
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Factors Affecting SPECT | |
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Performance of SPECT Cameras | |
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Spatial Resolution | |
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Sensitivity | |
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Other Parameters | |
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Quality Control Tests for SPECT Cameras | |
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Daily Tests | |
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Weekly Tests | |
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Quality Control Tests for CT Scanners | |
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Questions | |
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References and Suggested Readings | |
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Position Emission Tomography | |
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Positron-Emitting Radionuclides | |
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Detector for PET | |
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PM Tubes and Pulse-Height Analyzers | |
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PET Scanners | |
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Block Detectors | |
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Coincidence Timing Window | |
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PET/CT Scanners | |
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Mobile PET or PET/CT | |
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Micro-PET | |
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Hybrid Gamma Cameras | |
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Data Acquisition | |
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Two-Dimensional Versus Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition | |
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Image Reconstruction | |
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Factors Affecting PET | |
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Normalization | |
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Photon Attenuation Correction | |
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Random Coincidences | |
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Scatter Coincidences | |
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Dead Time | |
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Radial Elongation | |
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Performance of PET Scanners | |
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Spatial Resolution | |
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Sensitivity | |
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Noise Equivalent Count Rate | |
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Quality Control Tests for PET Scanners | |
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Daily Tests | |
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Weekly Tests | |
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Questions | |
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References and Suggested Readings | |
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Internal Radiation Dosimetry | |
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Radiation Units | |
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Dose Calculation | |
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Radiation Dose Rate | |
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Cumulative Radiation Dose | |
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Radiation Dose in SI Units | |
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Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose | |
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Pediatric Dosages | |
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Questions | |
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Suggested Readings | |
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Radiation Biology | |
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The Cell | |
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Effects of Radiation | |
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DNA Molecule | |
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Chromosome | |
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Direct and Indirect Actions of Radiation | |
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Radiosensitivity of Cells | |
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Cell Survival Curves | |
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Factors Affecting Radiosensitivity | |
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Dose Rate | |
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Linear Energy Transfer | |
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Chemicals | |
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Stage of Cell Cycle | |
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Classification of Radiation Damage | |
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Stochastic and Deterministic Effects | |
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Acute Effects of Total Body Irradiation | |
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Hemopoietic Syndrome | |
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Gastrointestinal Syndrome | |
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Cerebrovasculor Syndrome | |
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Long-Term Effects of Radiation | |
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Somatic Effects | |
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Genetic Effects | |
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Risk Versus Benefit in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine | |
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Risk to Pregnant Women | |
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Dirty Bombs | |
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Types of Radiation Exposure | |
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Protective Measures in Case of Explosion of a Dirty Bomb | |
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Verification Card for Radioactive Patients | |
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Radiation Phobia | |
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Questions | |
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References and Suggested Readings | |
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Radiation Regulations and Protection | |
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Sources of Radiation Exposure | |
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License | |
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Radiation Protection | |
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Definition of Terms | |
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Caution Signs and Labels | |
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Occupational Dose Limits | |
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ALARA Program | |
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Principles of Radiation Protection | |
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Personnel Monitoring | |
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Dos and Don'ts in Radiation Protection Practice | |
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Bioassay | |
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Receiving and Monitoring Radioactive Packages | |
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Radioactive Waste Disposal | |
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Radioactive Spill | |
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Recordkeeping | |
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Medical Uses of Radioactive Materials | |
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Applications, Amendments, and Notifications | |
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Authority and Responsibilities of the Licensee | |
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Supervision | |
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Mobile Nuclear Medicine Service | |
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Written Directives | |
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Measurement of Dosages | |
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Calibration, Transmission, and Reference Sources | |
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Requirement for Possession of Sealed Sources | |
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Labeling of Vials and Syringes | |
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Surveys of Ambient Radiation Exposure Rate | |
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Calibration of Survey Instruments | |
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Training and Experience Requirements for Medical Uses of By-Product Materials | |
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Report and Notification of a Medical Event | |
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Report and Notification of a Dose to an Embryo/Fetus or a Nursing Child | |
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Release of Patients Administered with Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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Recordkeeping | |
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Transportation of Radioactive Materials | |
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European Regulations Governing Radiopharmaceuticals | |
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Questions | |
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References and Suggested Readings | |
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Units and Constants | |
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Terms Used in Texts | |
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Answers to Questions | |
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Index | |