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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| G++ Investigating health services and health: the scope of research | |
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| Evaluating health services: multidisciplinary collaboration | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Health services research | |
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| Health technology assessment | |
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| The assessment of quality | |
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| Audit Medical audit, clinical audit and quality assurance | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Structure, process and outcome | |
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| Appropriateness and inappropriateness | |
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| Outcome and patient based outcome | |
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| Summary of main points | |
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| Key questions | |
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| Key terms | |
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| Recommended reading | |
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| Social research on health: sociological and psychological concepts and approaches | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sociological and psychological research on health | |
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| Health and illness | |
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| The bio-medical model | |
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| The social model of health | |
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| Lay definitions of health | |
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| Lay theories of illness | |
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| Variations in medical and lay perspectives | |
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| Social factors in illness and responses to illness | |
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| Social variations in health: structural inequalities | |
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| Psycho-social stress and responses to stress to include mediators including self-efficacy, control | |
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| Stigma, normalisation and adjustment | |
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| The Sick Role and illness behaviour | |
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| Models of health behaviour | |
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| Health lifestyles | |
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| Health behaviour | |
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| Models of health-related actions to include theory of planned behaviour, self-efficacy and control | |
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| Health-related quality of life | |
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| Theoretical influences on measurement | |
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| Distinctions between measures of broader health status, quality of life and health related quality of life | |
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| Patient based outcome measures | |
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| Interactions between health professionals and patients | |
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| Communication | |
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| Patients evaluations of health care | |
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| Summary of main points | |
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| Key questions | |
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| Key terms | |
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| Recommended reading | |
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| Health needs and their assessment: demography and epidemiology | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The assessment of health needs | |
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| Health needs | |
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| The need for health and the need for health care | |
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| Methods of assessing health needs | |
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| The role of epidemiological and demographic research | |
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| Epidemiology | |
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| The role of epidemiology | |
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| Epidemiology research | |
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| Methods of epidemiology | |
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| Assessing morbidity, mortality, incidence and prevalence | |
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| The role of demography | |
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| Demographical methods in relation to assessing need | |
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| Rates: births and deaths | |
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| The need to standardise | |
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| Analyses of survival | |
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| Summary of main points | |
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| Key questions | |
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| Key terms | |
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| Recommended reading | |
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| Costing health services: health economics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Health economics | |
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| Demand, utility and supply | |
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| Economic appraisal | |
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| Cost minimisation | |
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| Cost-effectiveness | |
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| Cost-benefit analysis | |
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| Marginal cost | |
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| Complete costs | |
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| Event pathways | |
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| Opportunity cost | |
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| Discounting | |
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| Cost-utility analysis | |
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| Cost-utility analysis and economic valuations of health | |
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| Costing health services | |
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| Study methods used for costings | |
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| Modelling health care costs | |
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| Summary of main points | |
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| Key questions | |
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| Key terms | |
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| Recommended reading | |
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| G++ The philosophy, theory and practice of research | |
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| The philosophical framework of measurement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The philosophy of science | |
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| Paradigms | |
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| Objectivity and value freedom | |
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| Deductive and inductive approaches | |
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| The survival of hypotheses and paradigm shifts | |
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| Theoretical influences on social research methods | |
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| Social science and grounded theory | |
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| Positivism | |
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| Phenomenology | |
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| Choice of methods | |
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| Summary of main points | |
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| Key questions | |
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| Key terms | |
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| Recommended reading | |
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| The principles of research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Searching the literature | |
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| Literature reviews | |
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| Systematic reviews and meta-analyses | |
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| Rigour | |
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| Aims, objectives and hypotheses | |
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| Concepts and theories | |
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| Research proposals Re[$$$] | |