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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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About the Author | |
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The World of the Twentieth Century | |
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The American Century | |
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A Review of the Twentieth Century | |
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The Years 1900 to 1954 | |
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World War I, 1914-1918 | |
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The Depression | |
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World War II, 1939-1945 | |
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The Years 1950 to 2000 | |
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The End of Colonialism | |
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Technological Change | |
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The Collapse of Communism | |
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Regional Trading Blocs | |
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The End of the Twentieth Century | |
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Why Some Nations Are Rich and Others Are Poor | |
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Climate and Political Systems | |
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Culture and Economic Success | |
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Market Mechanisms and Capitalism | |
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Capitalism as an Economic System | |
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Institutions of Capitalism | |
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Private Property | |
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The Profit Motive | |
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The Price System | |
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Freedom of Enterprise | |
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Competition | |
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Individualism | |
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Consumer Sovereignty | |
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The Protestant Work Ethic | |
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Limited Government | |
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Income Distribution in a Capitalist Economy | |
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Measurements of Income Inequality | |
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Rationale for Income Inequality | |
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The Luxembourg Income Study | |
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Saving and Capital Formation under Capitalism | |
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Modifications of Pure Capitalism | |
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Government and the Decline of Laissez-Faire | |
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Restrictions on Competition | |
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Antitrust Laws | |
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Social Regulation | |
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Social Security | |
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A Comparison of Capitalist Systems: One Approach | |
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Individualistic Capitalism | |
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Communitarian Capitalism | |
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A Comparison of Capitalist Systems: An Alternative Approach | |
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U.S. Market Capitalism | |
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Social Market Capitalism | |
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State-Directed Capitalism | |
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Public Sector Expenditures and Taxation | |
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The United States | |
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U.S. Market Capitalism | |
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U.S. Capitalism and Culture | |
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Government Intervention in the U.S. Economy | |
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Historical Background of Government Intervention | |
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Private Enterprise | |
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Large Corporations | |
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Small Enterprises | |
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Unions | |
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Government | |
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Public Finance | |
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A Comparison of Government Expenditures by Countries | |
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Economic Stabilization Policies | |
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Government Regulation and Control of Business | |
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Government Ownership of Industry | |
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An Evaluation of the American Economy | |
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Strengths of the American Economy | |
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Weaknesses of the American Economy | |
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Japan | |
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The Japanese Economy | |
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The Development of Modern Japan | |
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The Meiji Period, 1868-1913 | |
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Post-World War II Development of Japan | |
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Organization of Industry | |
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The Keiretsu | |
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The Sogo Shosha | |
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The Dual Nature of Japanese Industry | |
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The Public Sector | |
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The Banking System | |
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Labor-Management Relations | |
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An Evaluation of Japan | |
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The Performance of the Japanese Economy in the Twentieth Century | |
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Strengths of the Japanese Economy | |
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Weaknesses of the Japanese Economy | |
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Germany | |
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German Reunification | |
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A Comparison of East Germany and West Germany | |
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Economic and Social Costs of Reunification | |
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Benefits of Reunification | |
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The German Economy | |
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Mittelstand | |
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Banking | |
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Codetermination | |
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Vocational Education | |
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Social Security and Other Welfare Measures | |
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An Evaluation of the German Economy | |
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Strengths of the German Economy | |
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Weaknesses of the German Economy | |
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The German National Election of 1998 | |
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Nonmarket Mechanisms and Socialism | |
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Socialism as an Economic System | |
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Historical Development of Socialism | |
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The Renaissance Utopias | |
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French Utopian Socialists | |
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Socialism and the Industrial Revolution | |
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Modern Socialism | |
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Institutions of Socialism | |
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Private Property | |
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Socialism and Government | |
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Communism | |
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Karl Marx and Das Kapital | |
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The Weaknesses of Marxism | |
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The Merits of Marx | |
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The Political and Economic System of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe | |
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Organization | |
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Party and Government Structure | |
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The Nomenklatura System | |
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The Economic System of Socialism | |
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Economic Planning | |
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State Budget | |
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Money and Banking | |
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Prices | |
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Income Distribution | |
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Organization of Industry and Agriculture in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe | |
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The Rise and Fall of Communism | |
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The Rise of Communism in Russia | |
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World War I | |
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The Russian Revolution | |
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Lenin and Communism | |
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The Creation of a Party State | |
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The New Economic Policy, 1921-1928 | |
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Stalin and the Development of Communism | |
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The Soviet Union After World War II | |
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The Post-Stalin Period | |
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Gorbachev, Perestroika, and Glasnost | |
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Perestroika | |
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Glasnost | |
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Democratization | |
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The Performance of the Soviet Economy in the 1980s | |
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Economic Growth | |
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Foreign Trade | |
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Defense and the Economy | |
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Food and Other Goods and Services | |
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The End of the Soviet Union | |
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Communism Is Dead | |
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Why Did Communism Fail? | |
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Failure of the Economic System | |
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Burden of Defense Expenditures | |
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The Bureaucracy | |
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Glasnost | |
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Legacies of Communism | |
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Environmental Pollution | |
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Poor Infrastructure | |
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Uncompetitive Trade | |
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Social Costs | |
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An Evaluation of the Soviet Economy in the Twentieth Century | |
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The Russian Federation | |
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The Legacy of Russian History | |
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Transformation of the Economy of the Russian Federation | |
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Political Change | |
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Legal Framework | |
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Shock Therapy versus Gradualism | |
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Privatization | |
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Financial Markets | |
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Public Finance | |
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Fiscal Reforms | |
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Foreign Trade | |
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An Evaluation of the Russian Federation | |
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Corruption | |
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Wealth and Poverty | |
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Financial Problems | |
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Political Instability | |
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A Cashless Society | |
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Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary | |
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Legacy of Communism | |
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Poland | |
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Problems of the Polish Economy | |
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Shock Therapy | |
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Privatization | |
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Banking | |
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Public Finance | |
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An Evaluation of the Polish Economy | |
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The Czech Republic | |
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Privatization | |
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Banking | |
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An Evaluation of the Czech Economy | |
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Hungary | |
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The New Economic Mechanism (NEM), 1968 | |
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Later Reforms | |
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Problems of the Hungarian Economy | |
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Privatization | |
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Banking | |
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Public Finance | |
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An Evaluation of the Hungarian Economy | |
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A Comparison of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary | |
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Market and Nonmarket Mechanisms in Developing Economies | |
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Problems of the Less Developed Countries | |
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Economic Development | |
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Characteristics of the Less Developed Countries | |
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Per Capita Income | |
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Overpopulation | |
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Gender Disparity | |
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Human Development | |
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Obstacles to Economic and Social Development | |
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Corruption | |
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Political Instability | |
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Capital Flows | |
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Population Trends | |
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Infrastructure | |
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Low Savings Rate | |
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Limited Range of Exports | |
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Foreign Debt | |
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Physiography | |
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The Twenty-First Century | |
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Dependencia Theory | |
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Progress in the Twenty-First Century | |
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Poverty Reduction Goals | |
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China | |
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History of China | |
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Development of the Economic System | |
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The Period of Consolidation, 1949-1952 | |
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The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-1957 | |
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The Great Leap Forward, 1958-1960 | |
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The Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1969 | |
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The Post-Cultural Revolution Period, 1970-1976 | |
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The 1980s | |
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The Communist Party | |
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The Economic System | |
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Economic Planning | |
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Public Finance | |
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Banking | |
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Organization of Industry | |
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Organization of Agriculture | |
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Foreign Trade and Investment | |
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Performance of the Chinese Economy | |
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Strengths | |
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Weaknesses | |
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India | |
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A History of India | |
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England and Mercantilism | |
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British Ascendancy in India | |
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Independence of India, 1947 | |
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The Economic and Political Development of India | |
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Government | |
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Economic Development after Independence | |
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Economic Planning | |
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Nationalization of Industry | |
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India in the 1980s | |
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India in the 1990s | |
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An Evaluation of the Indian Economy | |
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Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico | |
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The Economy of Latin America | |
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Inflation | |
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Population | |
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Foreign Debt | |
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Political Instability | |
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Income Inequality | |
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Poverty | |
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Corruption | |
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Militarism | |
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Argentina | |
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Political Instability | |
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Brazil | |
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History of Brazil | |
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Brazil in the 1990s | |
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Mexico | |
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History of Mexico | |
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Economic Development Strategy | |
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Mexico in the 1990s | |
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The Performance of the Mexican Economy in the 1990s | |
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Africa: Nigeria and South Africa | |
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Characteristics of African Countries | |
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Colonialism | |
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Consequences of European Rule in Africa | |
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Postcolonial Africa | |
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Poverty | |
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Human Development | |
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Income Inequality | |
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Population Dynamics | |
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Political and Social Instability | |
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Foreign Trade and Investment | |
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AIDS | |
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The Development of Nigeria | |
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Oil | |
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The Role of the Government | |
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Political Instability | |
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An Evaluation of the Nigerian Economy | |
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South Africa | |
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Democracy | |
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The Future of Africa | |
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Toward a New World Order | |
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World Economic Integration | |
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Types of Economic Integration | |
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The European Union | |
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The Genesis of the European Union | |
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The European Monetary System | |
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Prelude to Maastricht | |
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Political Union | |
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The Euro | |
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The Importance of the European Union to the United States | |
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The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | |
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Provisions of NAFTA | |
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Results of NAFTA | |
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Mercosur | |
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Reasons for Mercosur | |
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APEC | |
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Purpose of APEC | |
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Europe-Latin America Free Trade Zone | |
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Criticism of Regional Trading Blocs | |
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The Twenty-First Century | |
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Population | |
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Population and the Environment | |
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Income Inequality and Economic Development | |
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Solutions | |
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Political and Financial Instability | |
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Political Instability | |
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Financial Instability | |
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A Preview of the Twenty-First Century | |
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Index | |