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| Introduction to the Endocrine System | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Chemical Nature of Hormones | |
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| Proteins/Peptides | |
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| Catecholamines | |
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| Steroid Hormones | |
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| Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Eicosanoids | |
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| Transport of Hormones in the Circulation | |
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| Cellular Responses to Hormones | |
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| Signalling from Membrane Receptors | |
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| Signalling from Intracellular Receptors | |
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| Hormonal Rhythms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| Different Modes of Chemical Signaling | |
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| The Endocrine Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Enteroendocrine Hormone Families and Their Receptors | |
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| The Regulation of Gastric Function | |
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| Overview of Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility | |
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| Gastrin and the Stimulation of Gastric Function | |
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| Inhibition of Gastric Function | |
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| Enteroendocrine Regulation of the Exocrine Pancreas and Gall Bladder | |
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| Secretin | |
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| Cholecystokinin | |
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| Motilin and Stimulation of Gastric and Small Intestinal Contractions During the Interdigestive Period | |
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| The Insulinotropic Actions of GI Peptides (Incretin Action) | |
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| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide/ Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide | |
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| Glucagon-like Peptide-1 | |
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| The Enterotropic Actions of GI Hormones | |
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| Gastrin | |
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| Secretin and CCK | |
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| GLP-1 | |
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| GLP-2 | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| Energy Metabolism | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Overview of Energy Metabolism | |
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| Cells Must Make ATP to Function and Stay Viable | |
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| Making ATP | |
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| Storage Forms of Energy | |
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| Partial Digestion of VLDL Generates Cholesterol-Rich Low-Density Lipoprotein | |
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| Release of TGs in Adipose Cells | |
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| Protein | |
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| Gluconeogenesis - Making Glucose from Glycerol, Lactate and Amino Acids | |
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| Summary of Key Metabolic Pathways | |
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| Key Hormones Involved in Metabolic Homeostasis | |
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| The Endocrine Pancreas | |
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| Insulin | |
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| Glucagon | |
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| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | |
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| Metabolic Homeostasis - The Integrated Outcome of Hormonal and Substrate/Product Regulation of Metabolic Pathways | |
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| The Fasting-to-Fed State Transition Involves Anabolic Pathways that Store Energy | |
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| Release of Energy During the Interdigestive Period or an Extended Fast | |
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| Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Long-Term Sequelae of Diabetes Mellitus | |
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| Problems Associated with Diabetes Management | |
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| Emerging Concepts in Energy Homeostasis: Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ | |
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| Leptin | |
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| Adiponectin | |
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| Tumor Necrosis Factor-[alpha] (TNF-[alpha]) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Calcium and Phosphorus are Important Dietary Elements that Play Many Crucial Roles in Cellular Physiology | |
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| Physiological Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D | |
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| Parathyroid Hormone | |
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| The Parathyroid Glands | |
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| Vitamin D | |
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| The Small Intestine, Bone, and Kidney Determine Ca[superscript 2+] and Pi Levels | |
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| Handling of Ca[superscript 2+] and Pi by the Small Intestine | |
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| Handling of Ca[superscript 2+] and Pi by Bone | |
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| The Histophysiology of Adult Bone | |
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| Handling of Ca[superscript 2+] and Pi by the Kidneys | |
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| Integrated Physiologic Regulation of Ca[superscript 2+]/Pi Metabolism: Response of PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to a Hypocalcemia Challenge | |
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| Pharmacologic Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Calcitonin | |
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| Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate: Regulators Overexpressed by Cancers | |
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| Regulation of Ca[superscript 2+]/Pi Metabolism by Immune/Inflammatory Cells | |
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| Regulation of Ca[superscript 2+]/Pi Metabolism by Gonadal and Adrenal Steroid Hormones | |
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| Pathologic Disorders of Calcium and Phosphate Balance | |
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| Hyperparathyroidism (Primary) | |
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| Pseudohypoparathyroidism | |
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| Hypoparathyroidism | |
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| Vitamin D Deficiency | |
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| Paget's Disease | |
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| Bone Problems of Renal Failure (Renal Osteodystrophy) | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| The Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Embryology and Anatomy | |
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| The Neurohypophysis | |
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| Synthesis of ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin | |
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| Antidiuretic Hormone | |
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| Oxytocin | |
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| The Adenohypophysis | |
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| The Endocrine Axes | |
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| The Endocrine Function of the Adenohypophysis | |
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| The Corticotrope | |
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| The Thyrotrope | |
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| The Gonadotrope | |
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| The Somatotrope | |
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| Direct Versus Indirect Actions of GH | |
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| Role of Growth Hormone, Insulin-like Growth Factor, and Insulin in Starvation | |
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| Pathologic Conditions Involving Growth Hormone | |
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| The Lactotrope | |
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| Pathologic Conditions Involving Prolactin | |
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| Hypopituitarism | |
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| Growth | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| The Thyroid Gland | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Anatomy and Histology of the Thyroid | |
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| Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Thyroid Hormone Secretion | |
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| Compounds Altering Thyroid Hormone Synthesis | |
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| Thyroid Hormone Transport | |
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| Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Control of Thyroid Function | |
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| Control Mechanisms | |
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| Perturbations of Control System | |
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| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | |
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| Thyroid Hormone Receptors | |
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor | |
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| Actions of Thyroid Hormones | |
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| Maturational and Differentational Effects | |
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| Neurologic Effects | |
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| Effects on Growth | |
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| Metabolic Actions | |
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| Actions Mimicking Sympathetic Nervous System Activity | |
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| Actions on Skeletal Muscle | |
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| Actions on Cardiovascular System | |
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| Pathologic Conditions Involving the Thyroid | |
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| Hypothyroidism | |
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| Hyperthyroidism | |
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| Thyroiditis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| Laboratory Data on Thyroid Function | |
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| The Adrenal Gland | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Anatomy | |
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| Adrenal Medulla | |
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| Synthesis of Epinephrine | |
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| Mechanism of Action of Catecholamines | |
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| Physiological Actions of Adrenomedullary Catecholamines | |
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| Metabolism of Catecholamines | |
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| Pathologic Conditions Involving the Adrenal Medulla | |
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| Adrenal Cortex | |
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| Zona Fasciculata | |
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| The Zona Fasciculata Makes Cortisol | |
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| Transport and Metabolism of Cortisol | |
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| Mechanism of Action of Cortisol | |
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| Physiologic Actions of Cortisol | |
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| Regulation of Cortisol Production | |
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| Zona Reticularis | |
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| The Zona Reticularis Makes Adrenal Androgens | |
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| Metabolism and Fate DHEAS and DHEA | |
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| Physiologic Actions of Adrenal Androgens | |
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| Regulation of Zona Reticularis Function | |
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| Zona Glomerulosa | |
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| The Zona Glomerulosa Makes Aldosterone | |
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| Transport and Metabolism of Aldosterone | |
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| Mechanism of Aldosterone Action | |
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| Physiologic Actions of Aldosterone | |
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| Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion | |
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| Pathologic Conditions Involving the Adrenal Cortex | |
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| Adrenocortical Insufficiency | |
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| Adrenocortical Excess | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| The Male Reproductive System | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Histophysiology of the Testis | |
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| The Intratubular Compartment | |
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| The Peritubular Compartment | |
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| Fates and Actions of Androgens | |
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| Intratesticular Androgen | |
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| Peripheral Conversion to Estrogen | |
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| Peripheral Conversion to DHT | |
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| Peripheral Testosterone Actions | |
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| Mechanism of Androgen Action | |
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| Transport and Metabolism of Androgens | |
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| Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Testis Axis | |
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| Regulation of Leydig Cell Function | |
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| Regulation of Sertoli Cell Function | |
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| The Male Reproductive Tract | |
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| Development of the Male Reproductive System | |
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| Puberty and Senescence | |
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| Disorders Involving the Male Reproductive System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| The Female Reproductive System | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Anatomy and Histology of the Ovary | |
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| Growth, Development, and Function of the Ovarian Follicle | |
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| Resting Primordial Follicle | |
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| Growing Preantral Follicles | |
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| Growing Antral Follicles | |
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| Dominant Follicle | |
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| The Dominant Follicle During the Periovulatory Period | |
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| The Corpus Luteum | |
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| Follicular Atresia | |
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| Follicular Development and the Monthly Menstrual Cycle | |
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| Regulation of Late Follicular Development, Ovulation, and Luteinization: The Human Menstrual Cycle | |
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| The Female Reproductive Tract | |
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| The Oviduct | |
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| The Uterus | |
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| The Cervix | |
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| The Vagina | |
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| The External Genitalia | |
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| Biology of Estradiol-17[Beta] and Progesterone | |
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| Mechanisms of Estrogen and Progesterone Hormone Action | |
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| Biological Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone | |
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| Transport and Metabolism of Ovarian Steroids | |
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| The Ontogeny of the Female Reproductive System | |
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| Development of the Female Reproductive Tract | |
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| Puberty | |
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| Menopause | |
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| Ovarian Pathophysiology | |
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| Turner Syndrome | |
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| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |
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| Fertilization and Pregnancy | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Fertilization, Early Embryogenesis, Implantation & Placentation | |
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| Synchronization with Maternal Ovarian and Reproductive Tract Function | |
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| Fertilization | |
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| Early Embryogenesis and Implantation | |
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| Structure of Mature Placenta | |
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| The Endocrine Function of the Placenta | |
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| Human Chorionic Gonadotropin | |
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| Progesterone | |
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| Estrogen | |
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| Human Placental Lactogen | |
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| Other Placental Hormones | |
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| Placental Transport | |
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| The Fetal Endocrine System | |
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| Pancreas | |
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| Parathyroid Gland | |
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| Pituitary Gland | |
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| Thyroid Gland | |
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| Adrenal Gland | |
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| Testes and Ovaries | |
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| Maternal Endocrine Changes During Pregnancy | |
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| Pituitary Gland | |
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| Thyroid Gland | |
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| Adrenal Gland | |
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| Maternal Physiologic Changes During Pregnancy | |
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| Cardiovascular Changes | |
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| Respiratory Changes | |
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| Renal Changes | |
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| Gastrointestinal Changes | |
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| Diabetogenicity of Pregnancy | |
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| Parturition | |
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| Placental Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Fetal Adrenal Axis | |
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| Estrogen and Progesterone Secretion | |
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| Oxytocin | |
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| Prostaglandins | |
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| Uterine Size | |
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| Mammogenesis and Lactation | |
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| Structure of the Mammary Gland | |
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| Hormonal Regulation of Mammary Gland Development | |
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| Contraception | |
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| Behavioral and Mechanical Approaches | |
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| Oral Contraceptives | |
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| Hormonal Treatment for Emergency Contraception and Abortion | |
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| In Vitro Fertilization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Words and Concepts | |
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| Self-Study Problems | |