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| Preface | |
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| What Is Research? | |
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| Health Science Research | |
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| Using Science in the Quest for Knowledge | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Developing the Research Proposal | |
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| Selection of the Problem | |
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| Sources of Problems | |
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| Statement of the Problem and Research Questions | |
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| Subproblems | |
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| Components Comprising the Setting of the Problem | |
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| Formulation of Hypotheses | |
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| Significance and Justification of the Problem | |
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| R�sum� of Related Literature | |
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| Proposed Research Procedures | |
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| Budget Considerations | |
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| Time Schedule | |
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| Research Proposal Checklist | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Critical Review of the Literature and Information Sources | |
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| Purposes of the Review | |
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| Steps in the Review Process | |
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| Conducting a Computer Search: Finding the Evidence | |
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| Determining the Level of Evidence | |
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| Finding Shortcuts to Determining the Level of Evidence | |
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| Writing the Section on Related Literature | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Considering Ethics in Research | |
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| Case Study | |
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| General Ethical Dilemmas in Human Research | |
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| Justification to Experiment on Humans | |
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| Vulnerable Target Groups: Children | |
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| Vulnerable Target Groups: Elderly | |
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| Informed Consent: Truthtelling and Deception | |
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| Right to Privacy and Confidentiality | |
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| Responsibility for Harmful Consequences | |
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| The Duty to Continue a Successful Research Effort | |
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| Therapeutic and Nontherapeutic Research | |
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| Sponsored Research | |
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| Publication of Unethical Research | |
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| Research or Just a Look-See? | |
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| Role of the Institutional Review Board | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Conducting Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research | |
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| Case Study A | |
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| Case Study B | |
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| Characteristics of Experimentation | |
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| Control in Experiments | |
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| The Hawthorne Effect in Controlling Situations | |
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| Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Method | |
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| Internal and External Validity | |
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| Constructing Experimental Designs to Control Variables | |
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| The Randomized Controlled Trial: Clinical Trials | |
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| Case Discussion for Case Study A | |
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| Case Discussion for Case Study B | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Data Collection Through Surveys and Self-Reports | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Characteristics of Survey Research | |
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| Survey Flow Plan | |
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| Survey Design | |
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| Data Collection Methods | |
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| Survey Sampling | |
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| Questionnaire Design and Construction | |
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| Attitude Scale Construction | |
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| Cover Letter | |
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| Pretesting and Questionnaire Revision | |
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| Focus Groups | |
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| The Delphi Technique | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Sampling Designs and Techniques | |
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| Case Study | |
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| The Purpose of Sampling | |
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| The Sampling Frame | |
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| Sampling Techniques | |
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| Sample Size | |
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| Sample Size for Studies with Hypothesis: Analytical Studies | |
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| Sample Size for Studies Without Hypotheses: Surveys and Descriptive Studies | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Qualitative Research | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Characteristics of Qualitative Research | |
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| Theoretical Foundations | |
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| Methods of Qualitative Research | |
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| Techniques of Collecting Qualitative Data | |
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| Analyzing Qualitative Data | |
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| Using Computers in Data Analysis | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Evaluation Research | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Purposes of Evaluation Research | |
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| What Can Be Evaluated? | |
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| Steps in Conducting Evaluation | |
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| Evaluation Models | |
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| Types of Evaluation Research | |
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| Methodological Approaches in Evaluation Research | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Analytical Epidemiologic Studies | |
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| Case Study A | |
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| Case Study B | |
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| The Nature of Epidemiology | |
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| Analytical Methodologies in Epidemiology | |
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| Cohort Investigations | |
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| Case-Control Studies | |
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| Establishing Causation | |
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| Problems of Error | |
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| Control in Epidemiological Research | |
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| Analysis of Results in Analytic Epidemiology | |
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| Case Discussion of Case Study A | |
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| Case Discussion of Case Study B | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Analyzing and Interpreting Data: Descriptive Analysis | |
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| Case Study | |
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| The Meaning of Statistics | |
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| Statistical Analysis and Data | |
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| Descriptive Data Analysis Techniques | |
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| Personal Computers and Information Delivery Systems | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Analyzing and Interpreting Data: Inferential Analysis | |
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| Case Study A | |
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| Case Study B | |
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| Inferential Analysis | |
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| Estimation of Parameters | |
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| Hypotheses Testing | |
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| Inferential Data Analysis Techniques for Comparing Mean Scores | |
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| Measures of Relationship and Predictions | |
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| Nonparametric Tests of Significance | |
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| Meta-Analysis | |
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| Case Discussion of Case Study A | |
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| Case Discussion of Case Study B | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Techniques for Data Presentation | |
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| Case Study | |
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| Table Presentations | |
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| Table Format | |
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| Figure Presentations | |
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| Graphics and the Computer | |
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| Case Discussion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Writing a Research Report | |
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| The Report as a Communication Document | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Text or Main Body of the Report | |
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| References | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Writing Style | |
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| Summary | |
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| Critical Thinking Questions | |
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| Suggested Activities | |
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| References | |
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| Common Statistical Procedures | |
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| World Wide Web Research | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |