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| Visions of the Future | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Future Environmental Challenges | |
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| Meeting the Challenges | |
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| How Will Societies Respond? | |
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| The Role of Economics | |
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| The Road Ahead | |
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| Valuing the Environment: Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Human Environment Relationship | |
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| Normative Criteria for Decision-Making | |
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| Finding the Optimal Outcome | |
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| Applying the Concepts | |
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| Appendix: The Simple Mathematics of Dynamic Efficiency | |
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| Valuing the Environment: Methods | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Why Value the Environment? | |
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| Valuing Benefits | |
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| Cost-Effectiveness | |
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| Analysis Impact Analysis | |
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| Property Rights, Externalities, and Environmental Problems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Property Rights | |
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| Externalities as a Source of Market Failure | |
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| Improperly Designed | |
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| Property Rights Systems | |
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| Public Goods | |
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| Imperfect Market Structures | |
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| Divergence of Social and Private Discount Rates Government Failure | |
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| The Pursuit of Efficiency | |
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| An Efficient Role for Government | |
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| Dynamic Efficiency and Sustainable Development | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Two-Period Model Defining | |
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| Intertemporal Fairness | |
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| Are Efficient Allocations Fair? | |
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| Applying the Sustainability Criterion | |
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| Implications for Environmental Policy | |
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| Appendix:The Mathematics of the Two-Period Model | |
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| The Population Problem | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Perspective Effects of Population Growth on Economic Development | |
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| The Population/Environment Connection Effects of Economic Development on Population Growth | |
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| The Economic Approach to Population Control Urbanization | |
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| A Note on Using GIS to Map Population Data | |
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| The Allocation of Depletable and Renewable Resources: An Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Resource Taxonomy Efficient Intertemporal | |
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| Allocations Market | |
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| Allocations | |
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| Appendix:Extensions of the Basic Depletable Resource Model | |
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| Energy: The Transition from Depletable to Renewable Resources | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Natural Gas | |
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| Price Controls Oil | |
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| The Cartel Problem Fossil Fuels | |
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| National Security and Climate Considerations | |
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| The Other Depletable Sources | |
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| Unconventional Oil, Coal and Nuclear Electricity Energy | |
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| Efficiency Transitioning to Renewables | |
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| Recyclable Resources: Minerals, Paper, Bottles, and E-Waste | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An Efficient Allocation of Recyclable Resources | |
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| Factors Mitigating Resource | |
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| Scarcity Market Imperfections | |
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| Replenishable but Depletable Resources: Water | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Potential for Water Scarcity | |
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| The Efficient Allocation of Scarce Water | |
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| The Current Allocation System | |
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| Potential Remedies GIS and Water Resources | |
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| Land | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Economics of Land Allocation | |
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| Sources of Inefficient | |
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| Use and Conversion | |
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| Special Problems in Developing Countries | |
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| Innovative Market-Based Policy Remedies | |
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| Reproducible Private-Property Resources: Agriculture | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global Scarcity | |
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| Formulating the Global Scarcity Hypothesis | |
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| Testing the Hypothesis | |
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| The Role of Agricultural Policies | |
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| A Summing Up Distribution of Food Resources Feast and Famine Cycles | |
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| Storable, Renewable Resources: Forests | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Characterizing Forest Harvesting Decisions | |
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| Sources of Inefficiency | |
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| Poverty and Debt | |
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| Sustainable Forestry Public Policy | |
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| Appendix:The Harvesting Decision: Forests | |
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| Common-Pool Resources: Fisheries and Other Commercially Valuable Species Introduction | |
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| Efficient Allocations | |
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| Appropriability and Market Solutions | |
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| Public Policy Toward Fisheries | |
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| Appendix:The Harvesting Decision: Fisheries | |
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| Economics of Pollution Control: An Overview | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A Pollutant Taxonomy Defining the Efficient Allocation of Pol | |