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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Contemporary Landscape | |
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Land and Population | |
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Linguistic and Racial Differences | |
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Religion | |
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Class | |
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Education | |
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Marriage, Family, and Social Demography | |
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Employment | |
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Personal Wealth and Taxation | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Political Culture | |
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Political Socialization | |
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Family | |
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Education | |
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Occupation | |
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Location | |
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Mass Media | |
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A Complex Mix | |
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The Political Culture | |
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Orientation toward Problem Solving | |
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Orientation toward the Political System | |
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Orientation toward Cooperation and Individuality | |
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Orientation toward Other People | |
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Adapting or Declining? | |
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Past and Present: Historical Perspective and Legacies | |
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Historical Perspective | |
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The Emergence of Parliamentary Government | |
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The Welfare State and the Managed Economy | |
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The Politics of Thatcher and Blair | |
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Great Britain or Little England? | |
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Legacy of Empire | |
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Legacy of War | |
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Legacy of Class | |
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Legacy of Political Institutions | |
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The Political Environment | |
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The Uncodified Constitution | |
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Forms of Expression | |
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Sources | |
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Means of Amendment | |
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Interpretation | |
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Main Provisions | |
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Parliamentary Sovereignty | |
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The Rule of Law | |
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Unitary (or Union) State | |
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Parliamentary Government under a Constitutional Monarchy | |
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The Changing Constitution | |
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European Union Membership | |
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Constitutional Reform under a Labour Government | |
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Conclusion | |
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The Electoral System: Campaigns, Voting, and Voters | |
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The Electoral Structure | |
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Electors | |
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Constituencies | |
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Campaigns | |
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Candidates | |
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Candidate Selection | |
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Elections | |
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Voting Behavior | |
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Explanations of Voting Behavior | |
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Class | |
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Consumption | |
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Location | |
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Issues | |
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Performance Evaluation | |
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The Current Debate | |
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A Dysfunctional Electoral System? | |
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An Effective Electoral System? | |
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A New Electoral System? | |
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Alternative Electoral Systems | |
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List System | |
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Single Transferable Vote (STV) | |
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Additional Member System (AMS) | |
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Alternative Vote (AV) | |
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Supplementary Vote (SV) | |
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Alternative Vote Plus (AV PLUS) | |
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Political Parties: More or Less Than a Two-Party System? | |
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The Parties in Britain | |
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The Conservative Party | |
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Party Organization | |
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Party Funding | |
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The Labour Party | |
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Party Organization | |
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Party Funding | |
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Third Parties | |
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The Liberal Democrats | |
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Scottish and Welsh Nationalists | |
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Northern Ireland Parties | |
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Other Parties | |
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Decline in Two-Party Support | |
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Structural Dealignment | |
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Policy Orientation | |
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Performance | |
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Decline in Party Support | |
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Disillusionment | |
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Displacement | |
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Disinterest | |
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Conclusion | |
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Interest Groups: Insiders or Outsiders? | |
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Types of Interest Groups | |
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Sectional Interest and Promotional Groups | |
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Insider and Outsider Groups | |
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The Development of Interest Groups | |
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Sectional Interest Groups | |
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Labor | |
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Business | |
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Agriculture | |
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Promotional Groups | |
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Relations with Government | |
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Pluralism | |
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Corporatism | |
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Policy Networks | |
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The Period up to 1979 | |
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Insider Croups: Institutionalization | |
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Insider Croups: Tripartism | |
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Outsider Groups: Greater Activity | |
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From Tripartism to Pluralism: The Period of Conservative Government, 1979-97 | |
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High Policy: Exclusion | |
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Medium and Low-Level Policy: Inclusion | |
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Lobbying Government | |
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Lobbying Parliament | |
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Lobbying the European Union | |
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Policy Networks: Lobbying under Labour | |
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The Current Debate | |
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Conclusion | |
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Governmental Decision Making | |
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The Executive: Government at the Center | |
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The Structure | |
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The Prime Minister | |
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Prime-Ministerial Powers | |
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The Cabinet | |
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Ministers | |
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Departments | |
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Agencies | |
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Civil Service | |
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Nondepartmental Public Bodies | |
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The Current Debate | |
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The Presidential Model | |
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The Baronial Model | |
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The Bureaucratic Model | |
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The Power Dependency Model | |
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Conclusion | |
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The European Union: Government above the Center | |
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From Community to Union | |
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Constitutional Implications | |
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Economic Implications | |
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Political Implications | |
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Institutions of the European Union | |
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Elections to the European Parliament | |
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The Current Debate | |
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The New Assemblies: Government Beyond the Center | |
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Scotland and Wales | |
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Demands for Devolution | |
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The Scottish Parliament | |
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The National Assembly for Wales | |
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Northern Ireland | |
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Background | |
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"The Troubles" | |
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Attempts to Achieve a Solution | |
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The Anglo-Irish Agreement | |
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The Downing Street Declaration | |
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The Good Friday Agreement | |
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Resolving the Conflict | |
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Regional Government in England | |
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The Current Debate | |
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Conclusion | |
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Local Government: Government Below the Center | |
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The Changing Structure of Local Government | |
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Reforms under a Conservative Government | |
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Reforms under a Labour Government | |
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The Changing Face of Local Government | |
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Elections and Members | |
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Powers and Finance | |
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The Current Debate | |
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Scrutiny and Legitimation | |
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Parliament: Commons and Lords | |
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The House of Commons | |
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Members | |
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Functions | |
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Legislation | |
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Executive Actions | |
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Parliamentary Questions | |
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Debates | |
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Select Committees | |
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Early Day Motions | |
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Correspondence | |
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Private Party Meetings | |
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Links with the Citizen | |
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The House of Lords | |
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Membership and Function | |
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Members | |
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Functions | |
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Parliamentary Reform | |
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The House of Commons | |
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The House of Lords | |
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Retain | |
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Reform | |
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Replace | |
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Remove Altogether | |
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The Power of Parliament | |
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The Decision-Making, or Pluralist, View | |
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The Non-Decision Making (or Elitist) View | |
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The Institutional View | |
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The Monarchy: Above the Fray? | |
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The Current Debate | |
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The Exercise of Political Powers | |
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The Cost and Activity of Members of the Royal Family | |
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The Future of the Monarchy | |
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Conclusion | |
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Enforcement and Feedback | |
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Enforcement: The Courts and the Police | |
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The Judicial System | |
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Criminal Cases | |
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Civil Cases | |
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The Judiciary | |
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A Developing Constitutional Role | |
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Greater Judicial Activism | |
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Membership of the European Community | |
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Constitutional Reform since 1997 | |
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The Police Force | |
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Crime and the Fear of Crime | |
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Corruption | |
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Poor Relationship with Certain Communities | |
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The Current Debate | |
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Background and Recruitment of Judges | |
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Miscarriages of Justice | |
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A More Powerful Judiciary | |
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Conclusion | |
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Communication and Feedback: The Mass Media | |
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The Press and Broadcasting in Britain | |
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The Internet | |
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Political Influence | |
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The Current Debate | |
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Privacy | |
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Political Bias | |
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Creating News | |
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Publishing Offensive Material | |
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Conclusion | |
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Conclusion | |
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Future Directions: The Polity under Challenge | |
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The Extent of Change | |
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Demands for Change | |
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A Settled Polity | |
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Demands for Change | |
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Different Approaches to Constitutional Change | |
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A Fundamental Divide | |
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The Liberal Approach | |
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The Traditional Approach | |
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Problems for the Parties | |
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External Challenges | |
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Conclusion | |
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Select Reading List | |
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Glossary | |
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Index | |