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Foreword | |
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Preface to the Fifth Edition | |
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Preface to the First Edition | |
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Biographical Note | |
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Budgeting as Conflicting Promises | |
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Budgets Are Conflicting Commitments | |
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Tax Preferences | |
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Appropriations: The Power of Congress and Power Within Congress | |
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The President Is Both Rival and Partner of Congress | |
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Conflicting Promises: The Multiple Meanings of Budgetary Control | |
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Budgets as Struggles for Power: A Historical Perspective | |
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Colonial Origins | |
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Turning Points: Civil War through World War I | |
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The Executive Budget Movement | |
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Dislocation and Continuity: Depression and War | |
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The Dance of the Dollars: Classical Budgeting | |
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Calculations | |
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Complexity | |
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Aids to Calculation | |
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Incremental Budgeting | |
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Roles and Perspectives | |
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The Agency | |
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The Bureau of the Budget | |
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The Appropriations Committees | |
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Strategies | |
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Be a Good Politician | |
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Clientele | |
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Confidence | |
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Congressional Committee Hearings | |
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Strategies Designed to Capitalize on the Fragmentation of Power in National Politics | |
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The Collapse of Consensus | |
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The Growth of Entitlements | |
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Economic Activism | |
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Federal Credit | |
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Priorities | |
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Impoundment | |
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The Budget Act: More Checks, More Balances, but Not More Control | |
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Impoundment Again | |
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Congressional Budget Office | |
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Senate Budget Committee and House Budget Committee | |
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Scheduling | |
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Resolutions | |
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Reconciliation | |
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Complexity | |
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A Congressional Budget, or Merely More Budgeting? | |
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The Budget Process, 1975--1979: Making Totals Stick | |
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Classical Budgeting Withers Without Quite Disappearing | |
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The Politics of Dissensus | |
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Why Budget Decisions Became So Difficult | |
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The Focus on Totals | |
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The End of Economic Management | |
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Dominance of the Deficit | |
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Polarization of the Parties | |
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The Congressional Budget Act in the 1980s | |
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R and R: Resolution and Reconciliation | |
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Deferral and Rescission Redux | |
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The Shifting Budgetary Base | |
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Continuing Omnibus Resolutions | |
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OMB in an Era of Perennial Budgeting | |
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Top-Down Policy Making | |
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Continuous Budgeting | |
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Negotiating with Congress | |
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Implications for OMB | |
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Dissensus in Congress | |
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Role Reversal | |
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Rolled on the Floor | |
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Budgeting Penetrates Congress | |
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Gimmicks | |
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The Politics of Balancing Budgets | |
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Gramm-Rudman-Hollings | |
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The Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 | |
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The Clinton Budget of 1993 | |
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The Politics of Radical Reversal 1995 | |
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Prologue: Constitutional Amendment and Rescission | |
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Budgets and Counterbudgets: The President's Budget and the Congressional Resolution | |
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Incrementalism in Mirror Image: Appropriations | |
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Confrontation: Continuing Resolutions and the Debt Limit | |
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Reconciliation and Intransigence | |
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The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 | |
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Entitlements | |
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The "Ought" and "Is" of Entitlements | |
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Entitlements and Budgeting | |
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How Do Entitlements Start? | |
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Why Do Entitlements Grow? | |
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Maintaining Commitment: Social Security | |
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Escalating Costs: Medicare | |
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Expanding Eligibility: Medicaid | |
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Provider Pressures: End-Stage Renal Disease | |
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How Have Entitlements Been Controlled? | |
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Declining Need: Black Lung Disease | |
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Ending an Entitlement: Welfare | |
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Entitlements and Others | |
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Appropriations: Head Start and WIC | |
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Tax Expenditures: Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) | |
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Formula Grants to States: Adoption Assistance Program, Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, and the Ryan White Care Act | |
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Budgeting for Defense | |
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Dimensions of Defense | |
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Defense Strategy and Funding | |
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The Internal Budget Process | |
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Planning, Programming, Budgeting | |
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Acquisitions | |
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The Congressional Budget Process | |
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Reprogramming | |
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Secrecy | |
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Cuts | |
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Contingencies | |
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Reform | |
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Norms of Budgetary Behavior | |
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Forms of Budgeting | |
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Reform Without Conflict | |
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The Politics in Budget Reform | |
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Unit of Measurement: Cash or Volume | |
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Time Span: Months, One Year, Many Years | |
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Calculation: Incremental or Comprehensive | |
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Management Reforms | |
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Performance and Budgeting | |
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Centralization and Decentralization: The Role of OMB | |
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Credit Reform | |
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Financial Management | |
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Capital Budgeting | |
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Limits | |
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The Line-Item Veto | |
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From Surplus to Deficit | |
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The Disappearing Deficit | |
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The Politics of Budget Surplus | |
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The End of the Surplus | |
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Afterword | |
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Characteristics of the Budget Process | |
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The Budgetary Process Is Powerful Yet Impotent | |
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The Budgetary Process Is Structured Yet Formalistic | |
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The Budgetary Process Is Complex Yet Segmented | |
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Budgetary Politics Are Polarized but Moderated | |
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Glossary | |
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Guide to Acronyms | |
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Select Bibliography | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |