| |
| |
| |
| Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crime and Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Study of Criminology | |
| |
| |
| What Is Criminology? | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Classical Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Nineteenth-Century Positivism | |
| |
| |
| The Development of Sociological Criminology | |
| |
| |
| The Foundations of Sociological Criminology | |
| |
| |
| The Chicago School and Beyond | |
| |
| |
| Conflict Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Criminology Today | |
| |
| |
| Criminology and Criminal Justice | |
| |
| |
| The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice | |
| |
| |
| The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance | |
| |
| |
| What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise | |
| |
| |
| Criminal Statistics | |
| |
| |
| Sociology of Law | |
| |
| |
| Theory Construction | |
| |
| |
| Criminal Behavior Systems | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: The Changing Face of International Crime Rates | |
| |
| |
| Penology | |
| |
| |
| Victimology | |
| |
| |
| How Criminologists View Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Consensus View of Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Conflict View of Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Interactionist View of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Defining Crime | |
| |
| |
| Criminology Research Methods | |
| |
| |
| Survey Research | |
| |
| |
| Cohort Research | |
| |
| |
| Aggregate Data Research | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Research | |
| |
| |
| Observational and Interview Research | |
| |
| |
| Ethical Issues in Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Criminal Law and Its Processes | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Origin of Law | |
| |
| |
| Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos | |
| |
| |
| Origins of Common Law | |
| |
| |
| Compensation for Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Norman Conquest | |
| |
| |
| Common Law | |
| |
| |
| Policy and praotice in criminology Origin of the Jury Trial | |
| |
| |
| Common Law and Statutory Law | |
| |
| |
| Common Law and Statutory Law in America | |
| |
| |
| Common Law in Other Cultures | |
| |
| |
| Classification of Law | |
| |
| |
| Crimes and Torts | |
| |
| |
| Felonies and Misdemeanors | |
| |
| |
| Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum | |
| |
| |
| Functions of Criminal Law | |
| |
| |
| Enforcing Social Control | |
| |
| |
| Discouraging Revenge | |
| |
| |
| Expressing Public Opinion and Morality | |
| |
| |
| Deterring Criminal Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Punishing Wrongdoing | |
| |
| |
| Maintaining Social Order | |
| |
| |
| The Legal Definition of a Crime | |
| |
| |
| Actus Reus | |
| |
| |
| Mens Rea | |
| |
| |
| Criminal Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Ignorance or Mistake | |
| |
| |
| Insanity | |
| |
| |
| Intoxication | |
| |
| |
| Duress | |
| |
| |
| Policy and practice in criminology: The Insanity Controversy | |
| |
| |
| Necessity | |
| |
| |
| Self-Defense | |
| |
| |
| Entrapment | |
| |
| |
| Exotic Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Changing Criminal Law | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Nature and Extent of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Uniform Crime Report | |
| |
| |
| Collecting the Uniform Crime Report | |
| |
| |
| How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports? | |
| |
| |
| The Future of the Uniform Crime Report | |
| |
| |
| Victim Surveys | |
| |
| |
| The National Crime Victimization Survey | |
| |
| |
| Is the NCVS Valid? | |
| |
| |
| Self-Report Surveys | |
| |
| |
| The Focus of Self-Reports | |
| |
| |
| Are Self-Reports Accurate? | |
| |
| |
| The "Missing Cases" | |
| |
| |
| Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible? | |
| |
| |
| Crime Trends | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Violent Crime | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Property Crime | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization | |
| |
| |
| What the Future Holds | |
| |
| |
| Crime Patterns | |
| |
| |
| The Ecology of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Use of Firearms | |
| |
| |
| Policy and practice in criminology: Gun Control Practices | |
| |
| |
| Social Class and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Age and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Gender and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Race and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Criminal Careers | |
| |
| |
| Delinquency in a Birth Cohort | |
| |
| |
| Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Victims and Victimization | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Problems of Crime Victims | |
| |
| |
| Loss | |
| |
| |
| Suffering | |
| |
| |
| Fear | |
| |
| |
| Antisocial Behavior | |
| |
| |
| The Nature of Victimization | |
| |
| |
| The Social Ecology of Victimization | |
| |
| |
| The Victim's Household | |
| |
| |
| Victim Characteristics | |
| |
| |
| The Victims and Their Criminals | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Victims of Stalking | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Victimization | |
| |
| |
| Victim Precipitation Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them | |
| |
| |
| Lifestyle Theories | |
| |
| |
| Routine Activities Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life | |
| |
| |
| Caring for the Victim | |
| |
| |
| The Government's Response | |
| |
| |
| Victim Service Programs | |
| |
| |
| Victims' Rights | |
| |
| |
| Self-Protection | |
| |
| |
| Community Organization | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like a Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Theories of Crime Causation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Choice Theory | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Development of Rational Choice Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Classical Theory of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Choice Theory Emerges | |
| |
| |
| The Concepts of Rational Choice | |
| |
| |
| Rational Choice and Routine Activities | |
| |
| |
| Is Crime Rational? | |
| |
| |
| Are Street Crimes Rational? | |
| |
| |
| Is Drug Use Rational? | |
| |
| |
| Can Violence Be Rational? | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: In the Drug Business | |
| |
| |
| The Seductions of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Eliminating Crime | |
| |
| |
| Situational Crime Prevention | |
| |
| |
| Policy and practice in criminology: Reducing Subway Crime | |
| |
| |
| General Deterrence | |
| |
| |
| Specific Deterrence | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence | |
| |
| |
| Rethinking Deterrence | |
| |
| |
| Incapacitation | |
| |
| |
| Policy Implications of Choice Theory | |
| |
| |
| Just Desert | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trait Theories | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Foundations of Biological Trait Theory | |
| |
| |
| Impact of Sociobiology | |
| |
| |
| Modern Trait Theories | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: The Nature Assumption | |
| |
| |
| Biological Trait Theories | |
| |
| |
| Biochemical Conditions and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Genetics and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Views of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Trait Theories | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Imitation | |
| |
| |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Behavioral Theories | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence | |
| |
| |
| Crime and Mental Illness | |
| |
| |
| Personality and Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality | |
| |
| |
| Intelligence and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Social Policy Implications | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Structure Theories | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Sociological Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Economic Structure and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Lower-Class Culture | |
| |
| |
| Are the Poor Undeserving? | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: When Work Disappears | |
| |
| |
| Social Structure Theories | |
| |
| |
| Branches of Social Structure Theory | |
| |
| |
| Social Disorganization Theory | |
| |
| |
| The Work of Shaw and McKay | |
| |
| |
| The Social Ecology School | |
| |
| |
| Strain Theories | |
| |
| |
| Anomie | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Anomie | |
| |
| |
| Institutional Anomie Theory | |
| |
| |
| Relative Deprivation Theory | |
| |
| |
| General Strain Theory (GST) | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Deviance Theory | |
| |
| |
| Conduct Norms | |
| |
| |
| Focal Concerns | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Delinquent Subcultures | |
| |
| |
| Theory of Differential Opportunity | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation of Social Structure Theories | |
| |
| |
| Is the Structural Approach Valid? | |
| |
| |
| Social Structure Theory and Social Policy | |
| |
| |
| Policy and practice in criminology: Operation Weed and Seed | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Process Theories | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Socialization and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Family Relations | |
| |
| |
| Educational Experience | |
| |
| |
| Peer Relations | |
| |
| |
| Institutional Involvement and Belief | |
| |
| |
| The Effects of Socialization on Crime | |
| |
| |
| Social Learning Theories | |
| |
| |
| Differential Association Theory | |
| |
| |
| Differential Reinforcement Theory | |
| |
| |
| Neutralization Theory | |
| |
| |
| Are Learning Theories Valid? | |
| |
| |
| Social Control Theories | |
| |
| |
| Self-Concept and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Social Control Theory | |
| |
| |
| Elements of the Social Bond | |
| |
| |
| Testing Social Control Theory | |
| |
| |
| Social Reaction Theory | |
| |
| |
| Crime and Labeling Theory | |
| |
| |
| Differential Enforcement | |
| |
| |
| Becoming Labeled | |
| |
| |
| Consequences of Labeling | |
| |
| |
| Primary and Secondary Deviance | |
| |
| |
| Research on Social Reaction Theory | |
| |
| |
| Is Labeling Theory Valid? | |
| |
| |
| An Evaluation of Social Process Theory | |
| |
| |
| Social Process Theory and Social Policy | |
| |
| |
| Policy and practice in criminology: Head Start | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conflict Theory | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Marxist Thought | |
| |
| |
| Productive Forces and Productive Relations | |
| |
| |
| Surplus Value | |
| |
| |
| Marx on Crime | |
| |
| |
| Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Contribution of Willem Bonger | |
| |
| |
| The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf | |
| |
| |
| The Contribution of George Vold | |
| |
| |
| Conflict Theory | |
| |
| |
| Conflict Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Research on Conflict Theory | |
| |
| |
| Analysis of Conflict Theory | |
| |
| |
| Marxist Criminology | |
| |
| |
| The Development of a Radical Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Instrumental Marxism | |
| |
| |
| Structual Marxism | |
| |
| |
| Research on Marxist Criminology | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Marxist Theories of Crime | |
| |
| |
| Critique of Marxist Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory | |
| |
| |
| Left Realism | |
| |
| |
| Radical Feminist Theory | |
| |
| |
| Power-Control Theory | |
| |
| |
| Postmodern Theory | |
| |
| |
| Peacemaking Criminology | |
| |
| |
| Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Restorative Justice | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Developing Complex Theories | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: The Crime Prism | |
| |
| |
| Latent Trait Theories | |
| |
| |
| Human Nature Theory | |
| |
| |
| General Theory of Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Mating Habits and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Control-Balance Theory | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Theories | |
| |
| |
| The Glueck Research | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Theories of Criminal Development | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: Violent Female Criminals | |
| |
| |
| The Social Development Model | |
| |
| |
| Elliott's Integrated Theory | |
| |
| |
| Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development | |
| |
| |
| Interactional Theory | |
| |
| |
| Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory | |
| |
| |
| Commonalities and Distinctions | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crime Typologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Violent Crime | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| The Roots of Violence | |
| |
| |
| Personal Traits | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Violent Land | |
| |
| |
| Ineffective Families | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: Mothers Who Kill Their Children | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct | |
| |
| |
| Exposure to Violence | |
| |
| |
| Substance Abuse | |
| |
| |
| Firearm Availability | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Values | |
| |
| |
| Forcible Rape | |
| |
| |
| History of Rape | |
| |
| |
| Incidence of Rape | |
| |
| |
| Types of Rape/Rapists | |
| |
| |
| TheCauses of Rape | |
| |
| |
| Rape and the Law | |
| |
| |
| Murder and Homicide | |
| |
| |
| Degrees of Murder | |
| |
| |
| The Nature and Extent of Murder | |
| |
| |
| Murderous Relations | |
| |
| |
| Types of Murders | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Mass Murder and Serial Killing | |
| |
| |
| Assault and Battery | |
| |
| |
| Patterns of Assault | |
| |
| |
| The Nature and Extent of Assaults | |
| |
| |
| Assault in the Home | |
| |
| |
| Robbery | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Armed Robbers in Action | |
| |
| |
| Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence | |
| |
| |
| Hate Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Workplace Violence | |
| |
| |
| Political Violence | |
| |
| |
| Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Forms of Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Extent of Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Who Is the Terrorist? | |
| |
| |
| Responses to Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Property Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Theft | |
| |
| |
| Modern Thieves | |
| |
| |
| Occasional Criminals | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England | |
| |
| |
| Professional Criminals | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers | |
| |
| |
| Larceny/Theft | |
| |
| |
| Larceny Today | |
| |
| |
| Varieties of Larceny | |
| |
| |
| Shoplifting | |
| |
| |
| Bad Checks | |
| |
| |
| Credit Card Theft | |
| |
| |
| Auto Theft | |
| |
| |
| False Pretenses or Fraud | |
| |
| |
| Confidence Games | |
| |
| |
| Embezzlement | |
| |
| |
| Burglary | |
| |
| |
| The Nature and Extent of Burglary | |
| |
| |
| Careers in Burglary | |
| |
| |
| race, culture, gender, and criminology: The Female Burglar | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters? | |
| |
| |
| Arson | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| White-Collar and Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| White-Collar Crime | |
| |
| |
| Redefining White-Collar Crime | |
| |
| |
| The White-Collar Crime Problem | |
| |
| |
| International White-Collar Crime | |
| |
| |
| Components of White-Collar Crime | |
| |
| |
| Stings and Swindles | |
| |
| |
| Chiseling | |
| |
| |
| Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position | |
| |
| |
| Influence Peddling and Bribery | |
| |
| |
| Embezzlement and Employee Fraud | |
| |
| |
| Client Fraud | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: The Savings and Loan Cases | |
| |
| |
| Corporate Crime | |
| |
| |
| High-Tech Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Cause of White-Collar Crime | |
| |
| |
| Greedy or Needy? | |
| |
| |
| White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems | |
| |
| |
| Corporate Policing | |
| |
| |
| Controlling White-Collar Crime | |
| |
| |
| Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: Can Corporations Commit Murder? | |
| |
| |
| Characteristics of Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| Activities of Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Concept of Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| Organized Crime Groups | |
| |
| |
| Controlling Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| The Future of Organized Crime | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Public Order Crimes | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Law and Morality | |
| |
| |
| Debating Morality | |
| |
| |
| Homosexuality | |
| |
| |
| Attitudes Toward Homosexuality | |
| |
| |
| Homosexuality and the Law | |
| |
| |
| Paraphilias | |
| |
| |
| Prostitution | |
| |
| |
| Incidence of Prostitution | |
| |
| |
| Types of Prostitutes | |
| |
| |
| Becoming a Prostitute | |
| |
| |
| Legalize Prostitution? | |
| |
| |
| Pornography | |
| |
| |
| The Dangers of Pornography | |
| |
| |
| Does Pronography Cause Violence? | |
| |
| |
| Pornography and the Law | |
| |
| |
| Controlling Sex for Profit | |
| |
| |
| Substance Abuse | |
| |
| |
| When Did Drug Use Begin? | |
| |
| |
| Alcohol and Its Prohibition | |
| |
| |
| Commonly Abused Drugs | |
| |
| |
| The Extent of Substance Abuse | |
| |
| |
| AIDS and Drug Use | |
| |
| |
| The Causes of Substance Abuse | |
| |
| |
| Types of Drug Users | |
| |
| |
| Drugs and Crime | |
| |
| |
| Drugs and the Law | |
| |
| |
| The Criminological Enterprise: How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence | |
| |
| |
| Drug Control Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Policy and practice in oriminology: Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Thinking Like A Criminologist | |
| |
| |
| Key Terms | |
| |
| |
| Notes | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Table of Cases | |
| |
| |
| Name Index | |
| |
| |
| Subject Index | |
| |
| |
| Photo Credits | |