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The Writing Process | |
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Assessing Audience and Purpose: A Case Study | |
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Writing Systematically | |
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Determining Your Purpose | |
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Assessing Your Audience's Needs | |
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Considering the Context | |
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Generating, Gathering, and Recording Ideas and Facts | |
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Brainstorming | |
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Using Other Sources of Information | |
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Establishing Your Scope | |
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Organizing Your Ideas | |
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Writing for Results | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
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Research Projects | |
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| |
Organizing Your Information | |
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Outlining | |
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Traditional Roman Numeral Outline | |
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Decimal Numbering System Outline | |
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How Audience and Purpose Shape Organization: A Case Study | |
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Essential Organizing Patterns | |
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Sequential | |
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Chronological | |
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Spatial | |
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Division and Classification | |
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Decreasing Order of Importance | |
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Increasing Order of Importance | |
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General to Specific | |
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Specific to General | |
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Comparison | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
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Research Projects | |
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| |
Writing the Draft | |
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Time-Management Tactics | |
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Allocating Your Time | |
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Preparing Your Work Environment | |
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Remaining Flexible | |
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Keeping Your Audience in Mind | |
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Writing from the Audience's Point of View | |
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Accommodating Multiple Audiences | |
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Writing for an International Audience | |
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Persuading Your Audience | |
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Establishing Your Role and Voice as the Writer | |
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Development Strategies | |
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Explaining a Process | |
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Describing Information | |
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Defining Terms and Concepts | |
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Explaining Cause and Effect | |
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Writing an Opening | |
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Writing a Closing | |
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Case Study: Drafting the Lifemaker Brochure | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
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Research Projects | |
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Revising the Draft | |
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Content and Organization | |
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Coherence | |
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Paragraph Unity | |
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Transitions | |
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Transitions between Sentences | |
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Transitions between Paragraphs | |
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Emphasis | |
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Active and Passive Voice | |
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Subordination | |
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Parallel Structure | |
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Lists | |
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Other Ways to Achieve Emphasis | |
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Point of View | |
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Language | |
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Context and Word Choice | |
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Conciseness | |
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Redundancy | |
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Padded Phrases | |
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Bias | |
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Sexist Language | |
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Other Types of Biased Language | |
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Plain Language | |
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Affectation | |
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Technical Terminology | |
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Jargon | |
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Proofreading | |
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Physical Appearance | |
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Case Study: Revising the Lifemaker Brochure | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
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Research Projects | |
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| |
Essential Skills: Collaboration, Research, and Design | |
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Collaborative Writing | |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaborative Writing | |
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Functions of a Collaborative Writing Team | |
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Planning | |
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Research and Writing | |
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Review and Revision | |
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The Role of Conflict in Collaborative Writing | |
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Leading a Collaborative Writing Team | |
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Schedule | |
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Review Transmittal Sheet | |
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Collaborating with Other Departments | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
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Research Projects | |
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| |
Researching Your Subject | |
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| |
Conducting Primary Research: Experience, Interviews, Observations, and Questionnaires | |
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| |
Beginning with Experience | |
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| |
Interviewing for Information | |
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Determining Whom to Interview | |
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Preparing for the Interview | |
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Conducting the Interview | |
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Expanding Your Notes after the Interview | |
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Observing Firsthand | |
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Using a Questionnaire | |
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Selecting Questionnaire Recipients | |
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Preparing and Designing Your Questionnaire | |
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Conducting Secondary Research: The Library and the Internet | |
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Library Research | |
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| |
Using Online Catalogs to Locate Books | |
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Using Databases and Indexes to Locate Articles | |
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Using Reference Works to Locate Facts, Overviews, and Statistics | |
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Internet Research | |
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| |
Using Search Engines and Web Subject Directories | |
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| |
Locating Business and Government Sites | |
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| |
Evaluating, Recording, and Acknowledging Research Sources | |
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| |
Evaluating Sources | |
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Authority | |
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| |
Accuracy | |
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| |
Bias | |
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| |
Currency | |
| |
| |
Taking Notes | |
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| |
Quoting from Your Sources | |
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| |
Direct Quotations | |
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| |
Indirect Quotations | |
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| |
Deletions or Omissions | |
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| |
Inserting Material into Quotations | |
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| |
Incorporating Quotations into Text | |
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| |
Paraphrasing | |
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| |
Summarizing | |
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| |
Avoiding Plagiarism and Copyright Violations | |
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| |
Acknowledging Your Sources | |
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Common Knowledge | |
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| |
Copyright | |
| |
| |
Public Domain Materials | |
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| |
In-House Materials | |
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| |
Documenting Sources | |
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| |
APA Style | |
| |
| |
APA In-Text Citations | |
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| |
APA Citation Format for a References List | |
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| |
APA Documentation Models | |
| |
| |
APA Sample Pages | |
| |
| |
MLA Style | |
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| |
MLA In-Text Citations | |
| |
| |
MLA Citation Format for a List of Works Cited | |
| |
| |
MLA Documentation Models | |
| |
| |
MLA Sample Pages | |
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| |
Other Style Manuals | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Designing Effective Documents and Visuals | |
| |
| |
Designing Documents | |
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| |
Typography | |
| |
| |
Typeface | |
| |
| |
Type Size | |
| |
| |
Highlighting Devices | |
| |
| |
Typographical Devices | |
| |
| |
Headings and Captions | |
| |
| |
Headers and Footers | |
| |
| |
Rules, Icons, and Color | |
| |
| |
Page Design | |
| |
| |
Thumbnail Sketches | |
| |
| |
Columns | |
| |
| |
White Space | |
| |
| |
Left- or Full-Justified Margins | |
| |
| |
Lists | |
| |
| |
Illustrations | |
| |
| |
Creating Visuals | |
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| |
Designing and Integrating Visuals with Text | |
| |
| |
Tables | |
| |
| |
Graphs | |
| |
| |
Line Graphs | |
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| |
Bar Graphs | |
| |
| |
Pie Graphs | |
| |
| |
Picture Graphs | |
| |
| |
Dimensional-Column Graphs | |
| |
| |
Drawings | |
| |
| |
Flowcharts | |
| |
| |
Organizational Charts | |
| |
| |
Maps | |
| |
| |
Photographs | |
| |
| |
Highlighting Photographic Objects | |
| |
| |
Using Color | |
| |
| |
Using Graphics to Communicate Internationally | |
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| |
Colors | |
| |
| |
People, Parts of the Body, and Gestures | |
| |
| |
Cultural Symbols | |
| |
| |
Reading Practices | |
| |
| |
Directional Signs | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing at Work: From Principle to Practice | |
| |
| |
| |
Understanding the Principles of Business Communication | |
| |
| |
Selecting the Appropriate Medium | |
| |
| |
E-mail | |
| |
| |
Instant Messages | |
| |
| |
Memos | |
| |
| |
Letters | |
| |
| |
Faxes | |
| |
| |
Telephone and Conference Calls | |
| |
| |
Voice-Mail Messages | |
| |
| |
Face-to-Face Meetings | |
| |
| |
Videoconferences | |
| |
| |
Web Communication | |
| |
| |
Developing Style and Tone | |
| |
| |
Audience and Writing Style | |
| |
| |
Goodwill and the "You" Viewpoint | |
| |
| |
Structuring Effective Correspondence | |
| |
| |
Direct and Indirect Patterns | |
| |
| |
Openings | |
| |
| |
Closings | |
| |
| |
Clarity and Emphasis | |
| |
| |
Lists | |
| |
| |
Headings | |
| |
| |
Subject Lines | |
| |
| |
Observing Protocol | |
| |
| |
Organizational Rank | |
| |
| |
Copy Protocol | |
| |
| |
Meeting the Deadline: The Time-Sensitive Message | |
| |
| |
Writing E-mail and Instant Messages | |
| |
| |
Review and Confidentiality Implications | |
| |
| |
Observing Netiquette | |
| |
| |
Design Considerations | |
| |
| |
Salutations, Closings, and Signature Blocks | |
| |
| |
Writing and Managing Instant Messages | |
| |
| |
Designing Memos | |
| |
| |
Memo Format and Parts | |
| |
| |
Additional Pages | |
| |
| |
Designing Letters | |
| |
| |
Heading | |
| |
| |
Inside Address | |
| |
| |
Salutation | |
| |
| |
Body | |
| |
| |
Complimentary Close | |
| |
| |
Writer's Signature Block | |
| |
| |
Continuing Pages | |
| |
| |
End Notations | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing Business Correspondence | |
| |
| |
Routine and Positive Messages | |
| |
| |
Covers (or Transmittals) | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
Inquiries | |
| |
| |
Responses to Inquiries | |
| |
| |
Sales and Promotions | |
| |
| |
Sensitive and Negative Messages | |
| |
| |
Refusals | |
| |
| |
Complaints | |
| |
| |
Adjustments | |
| |
| |
Collections | |
| |
| |
Writing International Correspondence | |
| |
| |
Culture and Business Writing Style | |
| |
| |
Language and Usage | |
| |
| |
Dates, Time, and Measurement | |
| |
| |
Cross-Cultural Examples | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing Informal Reports | |
| |
| |
Planning and Writing Informal Reports | |
| |
| |
Considering Audience | |
| |
| |
Collecting Information | |
| |
| |
Parts of the Informal Report | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Body | |
| |
| |
Conclusions and Recommendations | |
| |
| |
Types of Informal Reports | |
| |
| |
Trouble Reports | |
| |
| |
Investigative Reports | |
| |
| |
Progress and Periodic Reports | |
| |
| |
Progress Reports | |
| |
| |
Periodic Reports | |
| |
| |
Trip Reports | |
| |
| |
Test Reports | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises x | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing Formal Reports | |
| |
| |
Transmittal Letter or Memo | |
| |
| |
Front Matter | |
| |
| |
Title Page | |
| |
| |
Abstracts | |
| |
| |
Table of Contents | |
| |
| |
List of Figures | |
| |
| |
List of Tables | |
| |
| |
Foreword | |
| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
List of Abbreviations and Symbols | |
| |
| |
Body | |
| |
| |
Executive Summary | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Introducing the Subject | |
| |
| |
Stating the Purpose | |
| |
| |
Stating the Scope | |
| |
| |
Previewing How the Topic Will Be Developed | |
| |
| |
Text (Body) | |
| |
| |
Headings | |
| |
| |
Explanatory Notes | |
| |
| |
Graphic and Tabular Matter | |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Recommendations | |
| |
| |
Works Cited (or References) | |
| |
| |
Back Matter | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Appendixes | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Index | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing Instructions | |
| |
| |
Planning Instructions | |
| |
| |
Learn to Perform the Operation Yourself | |
| |
| |
Assess Your Audience and Purpose | |
| |
| |
Coworkers | |
| |
| |
Consumers | |
| |
| |
International Readers | |
| |
| |
Organize the Instructions | |
| |
| |
Writing Instructions | |
| |
| |
Write Directly to Your Reader | |
| |
| |
Include Warnings and Cautions | |
| |
| |
Language of Warnings | |
| |
| |
Visual Symbols and Signal Words | |
| |
| |
Using Illustrations and Design Principles | |
| |
| |
Illustrate for Clarity | |
| |
| |
Design for Ease of Use | |
| |
| |
Testing for Usability | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing Proposals | |
| |
| |
Planning and Writing Proposals | |
| |
| |
Audience and Purpose | |
| |
| |
Project Management | |
| |
| |
Repurposing Content (Boilerplate) | |
| |
| |
Organization | |
| |
| |
Persuasive Writing | |
| |
| |
Internal Proposals | |
| |
| |
Routine Internal Proposals | |
| |
| |
Formal Internal Proposals | |
| |
| |
External Proposals | |
| |
| |
Solicited Proposals | |
| |
| |
Unsolicited Proposals | |
| |
| |
Grant and Research Proposals | |
| |
| |
Cover Letter | |
| |
| |
Title Page | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Project Abstract | |
| |
| |
Literature Review | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Project Narrative | |
| |
| |
Program Description | |
| |
| |
Project Outcomes | |
| |
| |
Budget | |
| |
| |
Project Schedule | |
| |
| |
Project Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Sales Proposals | |
| |
| |
Meeting the Deadline: The Time-Sensitive Proposal | |
| |
| |
Requests for Proposals | |
| |
| |
RFP Structure | |
| |
| |
Information about Your Company | |
| |
| |
Project Description | |
| |
| |
Delivery Schedule | |
| |
| |
Proposal Description | |
| |
| |
Vendor Qualifications | |
| |
| |
Proposal-Evaluation Criteria | |
| |
| |
Appendixes | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Giving Presentations and Conducting Meetings | |
| |
| |
Preparing and Delivering Presentations | |
| |
| |
Determining Your Purpose | |
| |
| |
Analyzing Your Audience | |
| |
| |
Gathering Information | |
| |
| |
Structuring Your Presentation | |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
Body | |
| |
| |
Closing | |
| |
| |
Transitions | |
| |
| |
Using Visual Aids | |
| |
| |
Using Presentation Software | |
| |
| |
Using Flip Charts, Whiteboards, and Chalkboards | |
| |
| |
Using Overhead Transparencies and Slides | |
| |
| |
Using Handouts | |
| |
| |
Delivering Your Presentation | |
| |
| |
Practicing Your Presentation | |
| |
| |
Using Delivery Techniques That Work | |
| |
| |
Dealing with Presentation Anxiety | |
| |
| |
Reaching Global Audiences | |
| |
| |
Listening | |
| |
| |
Fallacies about Listening | |
| |
| |
Steps to More-Effective Listening | |
| |
| |
Make a Conscious Decision | |
| |
| |
Define Your Purpose | |
| |
| |
Take Specific Actions | |
| |
| |
Adapt to the Situation | |
| |
| |
Meeting the Deadline: The Time-Sensitive Presentation | |
| |
| |
Conducting Productive Meetings | |
| |
| |
Planning a Meeting | |
| |
| |
What Is the Purpose of the Meeting? | |
| |
| |
Who Should Attend? | |
| |
| |
When Should the Meeting Be Held? | |
| |
| |
Where Should the Meeting Be Held? | |
| |
| |
What's on the Agenda? | |
| |
| |
Running a Meeting | |
| |
| |
Dealing with Conflict | |
| |
| |
Making a Record of Decisions and Assignments | |
| |
| |
Closing the Meeting | |
| |
| |
Taking Minutes | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Writing for the Web: Rhetorical Principles | |
| |
| |
Writing for Rapid Consumption | |
| |
| |
Crafting Content for the Web | |
| |
| |
Using the Inverted Pyramid | |
| |
| |
Using a Simple Style and an Appropriate Tone | |
| |
| |
Writing Concisely | |
| |
| |
Chunking Content | |
| |
| |
Linking to Internal Content | |
| |
| |
Linking to External Content | |
| |
| |
Highlighting Information | |
| |
| |
Using Headings and Subheadings | |
| |
| |
Using Bulleted and Numbered Lists | |
| |
| |
Giving Directional Cues | |
| |
| |
Providing Keywords for Content Retrieval | |
| |
| |
Using Graphics and Typography | |
| |
| |
Graphics | |
| |
| |
Font Size and Style | |
| |
| |
Line Length | |
| |
| |
Special Font Characters | |
| |
| |
Enhancing Access to Content | |
| |
| |
Ensuring Access for People with Disabilities | |
| |
| |
Considering International Users | |
| |
| |
Repurposing Existing Content | |
| |
| |
Protecting the Privacy of Your Users | |
| |
| |
Documenting Sources of Information | |
| |
| |
Contributing to Collaborative and Multimedia Content | |
| |
| |
Blogs | |
| |
| |
Writing for Organizational Blogs | |
| |
| |
Tagging Blog Postings | |
| |
| |
Wikis | |
| |
| |
Podcasts | |
| |
| |
FAQs | |
| |
| |
Questions to Include | |
| |
| |
Placement | |
| |
| |
Chapter Summary | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
| |
| |
Research Projects | |
| |
| |
| |
Finding the Right Job | |
| |
| |
Determining the Best Job for You | |
| |
| |
Networking | |
| |
| |
Campus Career Services | |
| |
| |
Web Resources | |
| |
| |
Advertisements | |
| |
| |
Trade and Professional Journal Listings | |
| |
| |
Private and Temporary Employment Agencies | |
| |
| |
Internships | |
| |
| |
Government Employment Services | |
| |
| |
Letters of Inquiry and Informational Interviews | |
| |
| |
Job Search Recordkeeping | |
| |
| |
Preparing an Effective R�sum� | |
| |
| |
Analyzing Your Background | |
| |
| |
Organizing Your R�sum� | |
| |
| |
The Heading | |
| |
| |
Job Objective | |
| |
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Qualifications Summary | |
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Education | |
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Employment Experience | |
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Related Skills and Abilities | |
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Honors and Activities | |
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References | |
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Portfolios | |
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Salary | |
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Electronic R�sum�s | |
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Scannable and Plain-Text R�sum�s | |
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E-mail-Attached R�sum�s | |
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Web R�sum�s | |
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Sample R�sum�s | |
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Writing an Effective Letter of Application | |
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Opening Paragraph | |
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Body Paragraphs | |
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Closing Paragraph | |
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Sample Letters | |
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Doing Well in the Interview | |
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Before the Interview | |
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During the Interview | |
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Behavior | |
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Responses | |
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Salary Negotiations | |
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Conclusion | |
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Sending Follow-up Correspondence | |
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Sending a Resignation Letter or Memo | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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Exercises | |
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Collaborative Classroom Projects | |
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Research Projects | |
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Revision Guide: Sentences, Punctuation, and Mechanics | |
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Proofreaders' Marks | |
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Sentences | |
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Sentence Faults | |
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Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices | |
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Sentence Fragments | |
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Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers | |
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Pronouns | |
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Pronoun Case | |
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Determining Case | |
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Using Who or Whom | |
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Pronoun Reference | |
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Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement | |
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Person | |
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Gender | |
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Number | |
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Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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Comparatives and Superlatives | |
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Placement | |
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Verbs | |
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Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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Intervening Words | |
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Inverted Word Order | |
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Collective Subjects | |
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Compound Subjects | |
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Indefinite Pronouns | |
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Relative Pronouns | |
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Singular Nouns Ending in -s * Book Titles | |
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Subject Complements | |
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Voice | |
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Mood | |
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Tense | |
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Punctuation | |
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Commas | |
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Linking Independent Clauses | |
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Introducing Elements | |
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Clauses and Phrases | |
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Words | |
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Quotations | |
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Enclosing Elements | |
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Separating Elements | |
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Items in a Series | |
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Adjectives | |
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Dates | |
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Numbers | |
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Addresses | |
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Names | |
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Using Commas with Other Punctuation | |
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Avoiding Unnecessary Commas | |
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Semicolons | |
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Colons | |
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Apostrophes | |
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Showing Possession | |
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Singular Nouns | |
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Plural Nouns | |
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Compound Nouns | |
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Coordinate Nouns | |
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Possessive Pronouns | |
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Indicating Omission | |
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Forming Plurals | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Identifying Quotations | |
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Setting Off Words, Phrases, and Titles | |
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Words and Phrases | |
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Titles of Works | |
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Using Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation | |
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Periods | |
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Question Marks | |
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Exclamation Marks | |
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Parentheses and Brackets | |
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Hyphens | |
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Linking Modifiers | |
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Separating Prefixes and Suffixes | |
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Other Uses | |
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Dashes | |
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Ellipses | |
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Slashes | |
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Mechanics | |
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Capitalization | |
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Proper Nouns | |
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Common Nouns | |
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First Words | |
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Specific Groups | |
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Specific Places | |
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Specific Institutions, Events, Concepts | |
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Titles of Works | |
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Professional and Personal Titles | |
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Abbreviations, Letters, and Units | |
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Numbers | |
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Words or Figures | |
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Plurals | |
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Measurements | |
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Time and Dates | |
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Addresses | |
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Documents | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Names of Organizations | |
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Measurements | |
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Personal Names and Titles | |
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Italics | |
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Foreign Words and Phrases | |
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Titles | |
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Proper Names | |
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Words, Letters, and Figures | |
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Subheads | |
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English as a Second Language (ESL) | |
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Count and Mass Nouns | |
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Articles | |
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Prepositions | |
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Gerunds and Infinitives | |
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Adjective Clauses | |
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Verb Tenses | |
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Present Perfect | |
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Present Progressive | |
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Helping Verbs | |
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Conditional Sentences | |
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Index | |