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| Preface | |
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| Introduction: Working with Historical Sources | |
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| Early Western Civilization, 4000-1000 B.C.E. | |
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| Defining Humanity: Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2000 B.C.E.) | |
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| Establishing Law and Justice: King Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi (Early Eighteenth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Exploring New Lands: The Story of Sinuhe (Late Nineteenth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Writing Experiences: Egyptian Scribal Exercise Book (Twelfth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Allying for Peace: The "Eternal Treaty" between the Egyptians and Hittites (c. 1259 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Near East and the Emergence of Greece, 1000-500 B.C.E. | |
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| Empires and Divine Right: Inscription Honoring Cyrus, King of Persia (r.c. 557-530 B.C.E.) | |
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| Monotheism and Mosaic Law: The Book of Exodus, Chapters 19-20 (c. Tenth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E.) | |
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| Two Visions of the City-State: Tyrtaeus of Sparta and Solon of Athens, Poems (Seventh-Sixth Centuries B.C.E.) | |
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| Greek Colonization: Herodotus, The Foundation of Cyrene (Late Seventh Century B.C.E.) | |
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| A Woman's Voice: The Poems of Sappho of Lesbos (Sixth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| The Greek Golden Age of the Fifth Century B.C.E. | |
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| The Golden Age of Athens: Thucydides, The Funeral Oration of Pericles (429 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Emergence of Philosophy: Plato, The Apology of Socrates (399 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Advance of Science: Hippocrates of Cos, On the Sacred Disease (400 B.C.E.) | |
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| In Defense of Manly Honor: Euphiletus, A Husband Speaks in His Own Defense (c. 400 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Geography of Daily Life: Overhead View of a House in Olynthos (c. 432 B.C.E.) | |
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| Protesting War, Performing Satire: Aristophanes, Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.) | |
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| From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400-30 B.C.E. | |
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| The Conquest of New Lands: Arrian, The Campaigns of Alexander the Great (Fourth Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Imperial Bureaucracy: Zeno, Egyptian Official, Records (259-250 B.C.E.) | |
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| Everyday Life: Funerary Inscriptions and Epitaphs (Fifth-First Centuries B.C.E.) | |
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| In Pursuit of Happiness: Epicurus, Letter to a Friend (Late Third Century B.C.E.) | |
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| Exacting Science: Eratosthenes, Measurement of the Earth (Third Century B.C.E.) and Modern Diagram of Eratosthenes' Measurement | |
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| The Rise of Rome, 753-44 B.C.E. | |
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| Formalizing Roman Law: The Twelve Tables (451-449 B.C.E.) | |
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| Artistic Influences: Etruscan Statuette of a Rider (c. 434-400 B.C.E.) and Roman Bust of Lucius Junius Brutus (c. 300 B.C.E.) | |
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| Status and Discrimination: Roman Women Demonstrate against the Oppian Law (195 B.C.E.) | |
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| "Cultivating Justice and Piety": Cicero, On the Commonwealth (54 B.C.E.) | |
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| Failure and Factionalism: The Gracchan Reforms (133 B.C.E.) | |
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| Toward Empire: Julius Caesar, The Gallic War (52 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.-284 C.E. | |
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| In Defense of Roman Authority and Order: Imperial Edicts for the Government of Cyrene (7 B.C.E.) | |
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| An Urban Empire: Notices and Graffiti Describe Life in Pompeii (First Century C.E.) | |
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| New Influences to the North: Tacitus, Germania (c. 98 C.E.) | |
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| Persecuting a New Religion: Interrogation of Christians (180 C.E.) | |
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| Revolt in the Colonies: Flavius Josephus, The Jewish War (70 C.E.) | |
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| The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284-600 C.E. | |
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| The Establishment of Roman Christian Doctrine: Arius, Letter to Alexander, Bishop of Alexandria (c. 320 C.E.) and The Nicene Creed (325 C.E.) | |
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| Polytheism versus Christianity: Quintas Aurelius Symmachus and St. Ambrose, The Altar of Victory Sparks a Religious Debate (384 C.E.) | |
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| The Development of Monasticism: St. Jerome, Letter 107 (403 C.E.) | |
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| Germanic Law in the Roman Empire: The Burgundian Code (c. 475-525 C.E.) | |
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| Emergence of Byzantium: Procopius, Secret History (550 C.E.) | |
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| Islam, Byzantium, and the West, 600-750 | |
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| The Foundations of Islam: Qur'an, Suras 1, 53, 98 (c. 610-632) | |
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| Jihad and Jizya: Islamic Terms of Peace (633-643) | |
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| Byzantine Life: The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon (Early Seventh Century) | |
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| A Noblewoman's Life: The Life of Lady Balthild, Queen of the Franks (Late Seventh Century) | |
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| Roman Christian Missions: Pope Gregory the Great, Letters (598-601) | |
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| Emperors, Caliphs, and Local Lords, 750-1050 | |
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| The Rule of Charlemagne: General Capitulary for the Missi (802) | |
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| Resistance from Constantinople: Liutprand of Cremona, Report to Otto I (968) | |
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| The Macedonian Renaissance: Veroli Casket (c. 1000) | |
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| A New Islamic Dynasty: Ahmad al-Ya'qubi, Kitab al-buldan (Ninth Century) | |
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| Advances in Medicine: Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyu Al-razi, A Treatise on the Small-Pox and Measles (c. 910) | |
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| The Faithful Vassal: Fulbert of Chartres, Letter to William of Aquitaine (1020) | |
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| Merchants and Kings, Popes and Crusaders, 1050-1150 | |
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| Medieval Cities: Urban Charters of Jaca, Spain (c. 1077) and Lorris, France (1155) | |
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| Sources of the Investiture Conflict: Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII, Letter and Excommunication (1076) | |
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| Calling the First Crusade: Fulcher of Chartres, Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont (1095) | |
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| Arab Response to the First Crusade: Ibn al-Athir, A Muslim Perspective (1097-1099) | |
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| The Power of William I: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (1085-1086) | |
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| The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150-1215 | |
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| Scholarly Pursuits and Youthful Frolics: Medieval University Life (Twelfth-Early Thirteenth Centuries) | |
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| Gothic Architecture: Abbot Suger, The Abbey Church of Saint-Denis (1144) | |
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| Courtly Love: Chretien de Troyes, Erec and Enide (c. 1170) | |
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| Franciscan Piety: St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi, Selected Writings (Thirteenth Century) | |
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| The Sack of Constantinople: Annals of Niketas Choniates (1204) | |
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| The Medieval Search for Order, 1215-1340 | |
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| A Female Mystic: Hadewijch of Brabant, Letters and Poems (1220-1240) | |
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| The Rise of Anti-Semitism: Thomas of Monmouth, The Life and Martyrdom of St. William of Norwich (c. 1173) | |
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| Imagining Hell: Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy (1313-1321) | |
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| Bureaucratic Institutions: Summons of Representatives of Shires and Towns to Parliament (1295) and Rolls of Parliament, Petitions and Answers (1290-1305) | |
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| A Monogol's View: Guyuk Khan, Letter to Pope Innocent IV (1246) | |
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| Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1492 | |
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| Demographic Catastrophe: The Black Death (Fourteenth Century) | |
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| Crisis and Change: Thomas Walsingham: Peasant Rebels in London (1381) | |
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| The Great Schism: Catherine of Siena, Letters (1376-1377) and Councils of Pisa and Constance, Decrees (1409-1417) | |
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| Satirizing the Church: Geoffrey Chaucer, The Pardoner's Prologue (1387-1400) | |
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| Extolling Humanism: Giovanni Rucellai and Leonardo Bruni, Florence in the Quattrocento (1427 and 1457) | |
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| Women's Place in Renaissance Italy: Alessandra, Letters from a Widow and Matriarch of a Great Family (1450-1465) | |
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| Religious Reforms and Global Encounters, 1492-1560 | |
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| Worlds Collide: Bernal Diaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (c. 1567) | |
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| Illustrating a Native Perspective: Lienzo de Tlaxcala (c. 1560) | |
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| Defending Native Humanity: Bartolome de Las Casas, In Defense of the Indians (c. 1548-1550) | |
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| Scripture and Salvation: Martin Luther, Freedom of a Christian (1520) | |
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| Reforming Christianity: John Calvin, Articles Concerning Predestination (c. 1560) and The Necessity of Reforming the Church (1543) | |
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| Responding to Reformation: St. Ignatius of Loyola, A New Kind of Catholicism (1546, 1549, 1553) | |
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| Wars of Religion and Clash of Worldviews, 1560-1648 | |
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| Legislating Tolerance: Henry IV, Edict of Nantes (1598) | |
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| Barbarians All: Michel de Montaigne, Of Cannibals (1580s) | |
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| The Scientific Challenge: Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615) | |
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| The Persecution of Witches: The Trial of Suzanne Gaudry (1652) | |
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| Commercial Endeavors: David Pieterzen DeVries, Voyages from Holland to America (1655) | |
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| State Building and the Search for Order, 1648-1690 | |
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| Civil War and Social Contract: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651) | |
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| The Consent of the Governed: John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (1690) | |
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| Opposing Serfdom: Ludwig Fabritius, The Revolt of Stenka Razin (1670) | |
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| Fighting for Empire: A True and Exact Relation of the Raising of the Siege of Vienna (1683) | |
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| In Search of the Northwest Passage: Jacques Marquette, Exploring the Mississippi (1673) | |
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| The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690-1740 | |
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| Captivity and Enslavement: Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Written by Himself (1789) | |
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| A "Sober and Wholesome Drink": A Brief Description of the Excellent Vertues of That Sober and Wholesome Drink, Called Coffee (1674) | |
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| In Defense of Military Action: Tsar Peter I, Letter to His Son, Alexei (October 11, 1715) and Alexei's Response (October 31, 1715) | |
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| Challenging Absolutism: Montesquieu, Persian Letters: Letter 37 (1721) | |
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| Questioning Women's Submission: Mary Astell, Reflections upon Marriage (1706) | |