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| Thinking of Writing As Conversation | |
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| Making Connections | |
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| Why think of writing as conversation? | |
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| You already know how conversations work-online and off | |
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| Conversations help you share information, ideas, and arguments | |
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| Conversation allows you to adopt roles | |
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| What should I know about writing situations? | |
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| Writing has a purpose | |
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| Readers have purposes, needs, interests, and backgrounds | |
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| Writing builds on the work of others | |
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| Writing takes place in context | |
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| What should I know about genre and design? | |
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| Genres are general categories of documents | |
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| Design is a writing tool | |
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| Genre and design are related | |
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| Genres help writers achieve their goals | |
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| Getting Started | |
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| How can I analyze an assignment? | |
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| Assess your writing situation | |
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| Note requirements and limitations | |
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| Recognize opportunities | |
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| How can I find interesting conversations? | |
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| Generate ideas | |
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| Ask questions | |
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| How can I "listen in" on written conversations? | |
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| Discuss the topic with others | |
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| Observe the topic firsthand | |
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| Read what others have written | |
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| Focus your attention | |
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| How can I prepare for a successful writing project? | |
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| Take ownership | |
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| Understand that writing is a process | |
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| Create a writer's notebook | |
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| Manage your time | |
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| Reading to Write | |
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| How can I read critically? | |
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| Read with an attitude | |
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| Be aware of writing situations | |
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| What strategies can I use to read actively? | |
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| Skim for an overview | |
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| Mark and annotate | |
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| Pay attention | |
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| How can I evaluate sources? | |
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| Determine relevance | |
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| Consider the use of evidence | |
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| Identify the author | |
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| Learn about the publisher | |
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| Establish timeliness | |
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| Assess comprehensiveness | |
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| Recognize genre | |
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| Examine electronic sources closely | |
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| How can I read like a writer? | |
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| Read to understand | |
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| Read to respond | |
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| Read to make connections | |
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| Working Together | |
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| Why should I work with other writers? | |
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| Work together to improve your document | |
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| Work together to enhance your writing process | |
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| Work together to succeed on a major project | |
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| How can I work with others on individual projects? | |
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| Generate and refine ideas | |
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| Collect and work with information | |
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| Respond to written work | |
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| How can I work with others on collaborative projects? | |
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| Understand the purposes of writing collaboratively | |
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| Understand potential problems and develop solutions | |
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| Establish ground rules | |
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| Create a project plan | |
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| What resources can I draw on as I work with other writers? | |
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| Use technological tools | |
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| Consult instructors, classmates, friends, and family | |
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| Contributing to A Conversation | |
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| Writing to Reflect | |
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| Genres in Conversation: Reflective Writing | |
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| What is writing to reflect? | |
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| The Writer's Role: Observer | |
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| What kinds of documents are used to share reflections? | |
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| Memoirs | |
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| Waterloo | |
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| Photo essays | |
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| Lost Memories | |
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| Short stories | |
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| Who's Irish? | |
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| Literacy narratives | |
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| Among the Believers | |
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| Reflective essays | |
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| Rick Bragg, This Isn't the Last Dance | |
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| How can I write a reflective essay? | |
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| Find a conversation and listen in | |
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| Reflect on your subject | |
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| Prepare a draft | |
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| Review and improve your draft | |
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| Student Essay | |
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| Caitlin Guariglia, Mi Famiglia | |
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| Project Ideas | |
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| Writing to Inform | |
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| Genres in Conversation: Informative Writing | |
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| What is writing to inform? | |
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| The Writer's Role: Reporter | |
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| What kinds of documents are used to inform? | |
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| Brochures | |
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| California Department of Fish and Game, Keep Me Wild | |
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| Web sites | |
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| PBS, Becoming American: The Chinese Experience | |
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| Newspaper articles | |
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| Devices Enforce Silence of Cellphones, Illegally | |
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| Profiles | |
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| Danger Is Their Middle Name | |
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| Essays | |
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| The Legacy of Antigay Discrimination | |
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| How can I write an informative essay? | |
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| Find a conversation and listen in | |
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| Gather information | |
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| Prepare a draft | |
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| Review and improve your draft | |
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| Student Essay | |
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| Barriers on the Road to a Hydrogen Economy | |
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| Project Ideas | |
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| Writing to Analyze | |
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| Genres in Conversation: Analytical Writing | |
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| What is writing to analyze? | |
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| The Writer's Role: Interpreter | |
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| What kinds of documents are used to present analysis? | |
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| Web-based articles | |
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| Race and the White Coat | |
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| News analyses | |
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| U.S. Population Hits 300 Million | |
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| Multimedia presentations | |
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| Is Snowboarding Losing Its Edge? | |
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| Literary criticism | |
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| J.K. Rowling's Ministry of Magic | |
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| Analytical essays | |
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| Generation Debt | |
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| How can I write an analytical essay? | |
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| Find a conversation and listen in | |
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| Conduct your analysis | |
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| Prepare a draft | |
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| Review and improve your draft | |
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| Student Essay | |
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| Living (and Dying) Large | |
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| Project Ideas | |
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| Writing to Evaluate | |
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| Genres in Conversation: Evaluative Writing | |
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| What is writing to evaluate? | |
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| The Writer's Role: Evaluator | |
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| What kinds of documents are used to share evaluation? | |
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| Product reviews | |
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| Sam Eifling, Booster Shot: How Well Do These Energy Drinks Work? | |
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| Media reviews | |
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| Mary Tyler more | |
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| Place evaluations | |
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| Bowery Dreams | |
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| Progress reports | |
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| UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report | |
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| Evaluative essays | |
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| Emotional Correctness | |
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| How can I write an evaluative essay? | |
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| Find a conversation and listen in | |
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| Conduct your evaluation | |
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| Prepare a draft | |
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| Review and improve your draft | |
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| Student Essay | |
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| Making Better Choices: Two Approaches to Reducing College Drinking | |
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| Project Ideas | |
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| Writing to Solve Problems | |
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| Genres in Conversation: Problem-Solving Writing | |
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| What is writing to solve problems? | |
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| The Writer's Role: Problem Solver | |
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| What kinds of documents are used to solve problems? | |
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| Correspondence | |
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| RE: Unauthorized Monitoring of Employee Emails by SBA Managers | |
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| Professional articles | |
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| Drug Testing Needs Improvement, Not Clearinghouse | |
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| Speeches | |
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| Trees for Democracy | |
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| Proposals | |
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| Proposal for Skateparks under Bridges | |
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| Problem-solving essays | |
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| Easy Does It | |
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| How can I write a problem-solving essay? | |
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| Find a conversation and listen in | |
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| Develop a solution | |
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| Prepare a draft | |
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| Review and improve your draft | |
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| Student Essay | |
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| Death, Taxes, and College Tuition | |
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| Project Ideas | |
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| Writing to Convince or Persuade | |
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| Genres in Conversation: Argumentative Writing | |
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| What is writing to convince or persuade? | |
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| The Writer's Role: Advocate | |
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| What kinds of documents are used to convince or persuade? | |
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| Advertisements | |
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| White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, Above the Influence | |
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| Opinion columns | |
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| Show Us the Money | |
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| Letters to the editor | |
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| Response to "The Ethanol Scam" | |
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| Blogs | |
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| Barbara Ehrenreich, What America Owes Its "Illegals" | |
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| Argumentative essays | |
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| In Praise of Chain Stores | |
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| How can I write an argumentative essay? | |
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| Find a conversation and listen in | |
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| Build your argument | |
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| Prepare a draft | |
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| Review and improve your draft | |
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| Student Essay | |
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| Download This: Why Digital Rights Management Is a Bad Idea for Hollywood | |
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| Project Ideas | |
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| Working with Sources | |
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| Preparing to Use Sources in an Academic Essay | |
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| How should I focus my search for sources? | |
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| Generate potential research questions | |
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| Select and refine your question | |
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| How can I develop a search plan? | |
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| Identify relevant types of sources | |
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| Identify appropriate search tools and research methods | |
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| Review your plan | |
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| How can I keep track of my sources? | |
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| Manage print materials | |
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| Manage digital materials | |
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| Create a working or annotated bibliography | |
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| Locating Sources | |
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| How can I locate sources using electronic resources? | |
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| Generate search terms and strategies | |
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| Search library catalogs | |
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| Search databases | |
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| Search the Web | |
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| Search media sites | |
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| Keep track of your searches | |
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| How can I locate sources using print resources? | |
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| Discuss your search plan with a librarian | |
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| Visit the library stacks | |
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| Browse periodicals | |
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| Check reference works | |
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| How can I gather information using field research? | |
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| Choose your methods | |
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| Enlist help | |
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| Assess your information | |
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| Taking Notes | |
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| How can I record my notes? | |
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| What methods can I use to take notes? | |
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| Quote directly | |
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| Paraphrase | |
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| Summarize | |
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| Compare sources and start planning your document | |
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| Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| What is plagiarism? | |
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| Unintentional plagiarism | |
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| Intentional plagiarism | |
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| Plagiarism in group projects | |
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| What are research ethics? | |
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| Asking permission to use a source | |
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| How can I avoid plagiarism? | |
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| Conduct a knowledge inventory | |
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| Take notes carefully | |
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| Attribute ideas appropriately | |
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| Identify your sources | |
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| Understand why writers plagiarize | |
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| What should I do if I'm accused of plagiarism? | |
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| Crafting and Polishing your Contribution | |
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| Developing A Thesis Statement | |
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| How can I choose a main point? | |
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| Review your notes | |
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| Consider your writing situation | |
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| How can I draft my thesis statement? | |
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| Consider the type of document you will write | |
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| Identify important information, ideas, and arguments related to your main point | |
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| Draft alternatives | |
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| Focus your thesis statement | |
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| How can I support my thesis? | |
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| Choose supporting points | |
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| Select evidence | |
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| Review and arrange your supporting points and evidence | |
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| Organizing and Drafting | |
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| How can I organize my document? | |
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| Choose an appropriate organizational pattern | |
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| Create an outline | |
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| Use your outline to begin drafting | |
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| How can I draft effective paragraphs? | |
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| Focus on a central idea | |
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| Follow an organizational pattern | |
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| Use details to capture your readers' attention | |
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| Create transitions within and between paragraphs | |
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| How can I draft my introduction? | |
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| Frame your introduction | |
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| Select an introductory strategy | |
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| How can I draft my conclusion? | |
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| Reinforce your points | |
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| Select a concluding strategy | |
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| Using Sources Effectively | |
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| How can I use sources to accomplish my purposes as a writer? | |
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| Introduce a point | |
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| Contrast ideas | |
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| Provide evidence | |
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| Align yourself with an authority | |
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| Define a concept, illustrate a process, or clarify a statement | |
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| Seta a mood | |
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| Provide an example | |
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| Amplify or qualify a point | |
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| How can I integrate sources into my draft? | |
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| Identify your sources | |
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| Quote strategically | |
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| Paraphrase information, ideas, and arguments | |
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| Summarize sources | |
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| Present numerical information | |
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| Use images, audio, and video | |
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| How can I ensure I've avoided plagiarism? | |
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| Quote, paraphrase, and summarize accurately and appropriately | |
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| Distinguish between your ideas and ideas in your sources | |
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| Check for unattributed sources in your document | |
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| How should I document my sources? | |
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| Choose a documentation system | |
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| Provide in-text references and publication information | |
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| Designing your Document | |
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| How can I use design effectively? | |
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| Understand design principles | |
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| Design for a purpose | |
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| Design for your readers | |
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| What design elements can I use? | |
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| Use fonts, line spacing, and alignment | |
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| Use page layout elements | |
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| Use color, shading, borders, and rules | |
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| Use illustrations | |
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| What design conventions should I follow? | |
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| Academic essays | |
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| Multimodal essays | |
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| Articles | |
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| Web sites | |
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| Writing with Style | |
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| How can I begin to write with style? | |
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| Write concisely | |
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| Use active and passive voice effectively | |
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| Adopt a consistent point of view | |
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| Choose your words carefully | |
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| How can I polish my style? | |
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| Vary your sentence structure | |
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| Create effective transitions | |
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| Introduce the work of other authors effectively | |
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| Avoid sexist language | |
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| Consult a good handbook | |
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| Read widely | |
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| Revising and Editing | |
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| What should I focus on when I revise? | |
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| Consider your writing situation | |
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| Consider your presentation of ideas | |
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| Consider your use and integration of sources | |
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| Consider the structure and organization of your document | |
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| Consider genre and design | |
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| What strategies can I use to revise? | |
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| Save multiple drafts | |
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| Highlight your main point, supporting points, and evidence | |
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| Challenge your assumptions | |
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| Scan, outline, and map your document | |
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| Ask for feedback | |
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| What should I focus on when I edit? | |
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| Focus on accuracy | |
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| Focus on economy | |
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| Focus on consistency | |
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| Focus on style | |
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| Focus on spelling, grammar, and punctuation | |
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| What strategies can I use to edit? | |
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| Read carefully | |
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| Mark and search your document | |
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| Use spelling, grammar, and style tools with caution | |
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| Ask for feedback | |
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| Documenting Sources | |
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| Using MLA Style | |
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| How do I cite sources within the text of my document? | |
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| How do I prepare the list of works cited? | |
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| Books | |
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| Sources in journals, magazines, and newspapers | |
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| Print reference works | |
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| Field sources | |
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| Media sources | |
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| Electronic sources | |
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| Using APA Style | |
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| How do I cite sources within the text of my document? | |
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| How do I prepare the reference list? | |
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| Books | |
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| Sources in journals, magazines, and newspapers | |
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| Print reference works | |
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| Field sources | |
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| Media sources | |
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| Electronic sources | |
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| Other sources | |