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| Summary | |
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| Abstract | |
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| Study Charge and Committee Assumptions | |
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| Evidence of Healthcare Disparities | |
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| Racial Attitudes and Discrimination in the United States | |
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| Assessing Potential Sources of Disparities in Care | |
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| Interventions to Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare | |
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| Data Collection and Monitoring | |
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| Needed Research | |
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| Introduction and Literature Review | |
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| Study Charge and Committee Assumptions | |
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| The Relationship Between Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status and Healthcare | |
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| Why Are Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare Important? | |
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| Evidence of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Healthcare Environment and Its Relation to Disparities | |
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| The Health, Health Insurance, and Language Status of Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations | |
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| Racial Attitudes and Discrimination in the United States | |
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| The Context of Healthcare Delivery for Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients--An Historical Overview | |
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| A Brief History of Legally Segregated Healthcare Facilities and Contemporary De Facto Segregation | |
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| The Settings in Which Racial and Ethnic Minorities Receive Healthcare | |
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| The Healthcare Professions Workforce in Minority and Medically Underserved Communities | |
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| The Participation of Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Health Professions Education | |
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| Summary | |
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| Assessing Potential Sources of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: Patient- and System-Level Factors | |
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| A Model: Sources of Healthcare Disparities | |
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| Patient-Level Variables--Preferences, Mistrust, Treatment Refusal, Biological Differences, and Overuse of Services | |
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| Health Systems-Level Variables | |
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| Summary | |
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| Assessing Potential Sources of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Clinical Encounter | |
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| Medical Decisions Under Time Pressure with Limited Information | |
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| Healthcare Provider Prejudice or Bias | |
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| Patient Response: Mistrust and Refusal | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Interventions: Systemic Strategies | |
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| Legal, Regulatory, and Policy Interventions | |
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| Health Systems Interventions | |
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| Patient Education and Empowerment | |
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| Interventions: Cross-Cultural Education in the Health Professions | |
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| Background | |
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| Cross-Cultural Communication: Links to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare | |
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| The Foundation and Emergence of Cross-Cultural Education | |
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| Approaches to Cross-Cultural Education | |
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| Summary | |
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| Data Collection and Monitoring | |
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| Obstacles to Racial/Ethnic Data Collection | |
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| The Federal Role in Racial, Ethnic, and Primary Language Health Data | |
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| Other Data Sources to Assess Healthcare Disparities | |
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| Models of Measuring Disparities in Healthcare | |
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| Data Needs and Recommendations | |
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| Needed Research | |
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| Understanding Clinical Decision-Making and the Roles of Stereotyping, Uncertainty, and Bias | |
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| Understanding Patient-Level Influences on Care | |
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| Understanding the Influence of Healthcare Systems and Settings on Care for Minority Patients | |
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| Understanding the Roles of Non-Physician Health Professions | |
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| Assessing Healthcare Disparities Among Non-African American Minority Groups | |
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| Assessing the Effectiveness of Intervention Strategies | |
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| Developing Methods for Monitoring Healthcare Disparities | |
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| Understanding the Contribution of Healthcare to Health Outcomes and the Health Gap Between Minority and Non-Minority Americans | |
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| Mechanisms to Improve Research on Healthcare Disparities | |
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| References | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Data Sources and Methods | |
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| Literature Review | |
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| Federal-Level and Other Initiatives to Address Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare | |
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| Racial Disparities in Healthcare: Highlights from Focus Group Findings | |
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| Committee and Staff Biographies | |
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| Paper Contributions | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review of the Evidence and a Consideration of Causes | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare: A Background and History | |
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| The Rationing of Healthcare and Health Disparity for the American Indians/Alaska Natives | |
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| Patient-Provider Communication: The Effect of Race and Ethnicity on Process and Outcomes of Healthcare | |
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| The Culture of Medicine and Racial, Ethnic, and Class Disparities in Healthcare | |
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| The Civil Rights Dimension of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Status | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare: Issues in the Design, Structure, and Administration of Federal Healthcare Financing Programs Supported Through Direct Public Funding | |
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| The Impact of Cost Containment Efforts on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare: A Conceptualization | |
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| Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare: An Ethical Analysis of When and How They Matter | |
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| Index | |