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| Executive Summary | |
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| The Nature of Policing in America | |
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| Explaining Police Behavior | |
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| Crime Control Effectiveness | |
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| Lawfulness and Legitimacy | |
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| Recommendations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Scope and Themes of the Report | |
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| Plan of the Report | |
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| Criminal Justice Research on Police | |
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| Scale of Police Research | |
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| Subject Matter of Police Research | |
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| Police Research Methodologies | |
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| Auspices of Police Research | |
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| Research Impact of the 1994 Crime Act | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Methodology of Keyword Search | |
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| The Nature of Policing in the United States | |
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| Organizational Structure of American Policing | |
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| Activities of the Police | |
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| Staffing the Police | |
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| Recent Innovations in Policing | |
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| The Process of Adapting to Change | |
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| Research Recommendations | |
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| Explaining Police Behavior: People and Situations | |
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| Nature of the Evidence | |
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| Situational Influences on Police Behavior | |
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| Legal Factors | |
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| Officers' Outlooks and Characteristics | |
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| Knowledge, Skills, and Ability | |
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| Experiences of Officers | |
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| Equal Employment Opportunity, Affirmative Action, and the Effects of Officer Race and Sex | |
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| Implications | |
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| Explaining Police Behavior: Organizations and Context | |
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| Measures of Organization Activities and Outputs | |
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| Neglected Dimensions of Police Behavior | |
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| Influence of Police Organization | |
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| Influence of External Forces | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Effectiveness of Police Activities in Reducing Crime, Disorder, and Fear | |
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| Strength of the Evidence | |
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| Standard Model of Police Practices | |
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| Community-Oriented Policing | |
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| Focused Policing Efforts | |
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| Problem-Oriented Policing | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Lawful Policing | |
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| Police Compliance with the Law and the Constitution | |
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| Promoting Compliance with Legal and Constitutional Rules | |
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| External Accountability Mechanisms | |
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| Police Fairness: Legitimacy as the Consent of the Public | |
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| Legitimacy and Policing | |
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| Creating Legitimacy | |
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| Building Legitimacy Through Organizational Reform | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Future of Policing Research | |
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| Enhancing Crime Control Effectiveness | |
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| Enhancing the Lawfulness of Police Actions | |
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| Enhancing the Legitimacy of Policing | |
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| Improving Personnel Practices | |
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| Fostering Innovation | |
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| Assessing Problem-Oriented and Community Policing | |
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| Respondng to Terrorism | |
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| Organizing Research | |
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| References | |
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| Biographical Sketches | |
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| Index | |