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Introduction | |
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Why is Global Surveillance Necessary? Towards Global Surveillance of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors: Developments and Challenges | |
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Introduction | |
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Major Issues | |
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International Structures | |
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Recent Progress | |
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References | |
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The Who Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (Steps) of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors | |
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Introduction | |
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The Emerging Epidemic of Chronic Diseases | |
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Surveillance | |
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Definitions | |
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The Role of WHO in Responding to the NCD Epidemic | |
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Risk Factor Surveillance or Disease Surveillance? | |
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Choice of Risk Factors for Global NCD Surveillance | |
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Choice of Core Measures | |
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Who Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (Steps) | |
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A Framework for NCD Risk Factor Surveillance | |
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Inclusion of Additional NCD Risk Factors for Local Needs | |
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Choice of Summary Measures | |
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From Surveys to Surveillance | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Appendix: Key Questions for Planning NCD Risk Factor Surveillance | |
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What Are the Long-Term Objectives? | |
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Which Risk Factors Will Be Measured? | |
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How Will the Risk Factor Measures Be Obtained? | |
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What Is the Sample for the Survey? | |
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How Big Must the Sample Be? | |
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Will the Data Be Trusted? | |
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How Will the Data Be Handled and Analysed? | |
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What Will the Project Cost? | |
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What Ethical Approval Is Required? | |
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Is Everything Ready To Start? | |
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How Will Oversight and Quality Control of the Surveillance System Be Managed? | |
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How Is Surveillance Infra-Structure Being Built and Maintained? | |
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Partnerships, Strategies, and Alliances for Global Surveillance | |
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Introduction | |
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Users and Partners | |
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Strategies for Partnership Development | |
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Lessons from the Ground | |
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China (Top-Down Partnership) | |
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Australia (Bottom-Up Partnership) | |
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Issues for Global Development | |
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References | |
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Analysis and Interpretation of Data from the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) | |
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Introduction | |
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The System | |
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Development of the BRFSS | |
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Sampling Procedures | |
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Joint Venture | |
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Expansion | |
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Analysis and Interpretation of BRFSS Data | |
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Questionnaire Flexibility | |
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Sample Design | |
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Data Quality | |
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Accessibility of Data | |
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Use of BRFSS Data by States | |
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Use of BRFSS Data by CDC and Other Agencies | |
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Conclusion | |
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Acknowledgement | |
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References | |
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Surveillance Systems and Data Analysis: Continuously Collected Behavioural Data. British and American Examples | |
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Introduction | |
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Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance Systems | |
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Peculiarities of Data from Surveillance Systems | |
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Sample Goals and Approaches | |
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Simple Trend Estimates | |
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"Sophisticated" Trend Estimates (and Inter-Action among Variables) | |
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Deconstruction of Change | |
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Trends and Changes in the Association among Variables | |
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Evaluation and Intervention Analyses | |
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Estimate of the Change Point over Time | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Finbalt Health Monitor. Monitoring Health Behaviour in Finland and the Baltic Countries | |
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Introduction | |
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Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania: Nations and Populations | |
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Conducting the Finbalt Health Monitor | |
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Origins and History of the Finbalt Project | |
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Administration of the Finbalt Project | |
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Development of the Finbalt Questionnaire | |
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Main Domains of the 1998 Finbalt Questionnaire | |
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Evaluation of the Finbalt Material | |
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Data Collection | |
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Quality of the Data | |
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Discussion | |
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Conclusions | |
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References | |
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Towards a European Health Monitoring System. Results of a Pilot Study on Physical Activity | |
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Introduction | |
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Background: Relevance of the European Community Approach to Health Monitoring | |
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The Health Monitoring Programme | |
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Demonstration Project: The European Physical Activity Surveillance System | |
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Inventory of Physical Activity Indicators, Surveys, and Surveillance Structures | |
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Data and Methods | |
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Comparison of Existing European Union Physical Activity Surveys | |
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Development of New Survey Indicators | |
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Design and Methods Testing | |
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Data, Testing, and Results | |
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Indicator Test Study | |
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Response Rates for Telephone and Mail Surveys | |
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Results of Reliability Analysis | |
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Results of Comparability Analysis | |
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Results of Regression Analysis: Predictive Power Related to Subjective Health Status | |
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General Conclusion | |
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Next Steps of Development | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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References | |
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Comparison of Surveillance Data on Metropolitan and Rural Health. Diabetes in Southern Australia as an Example | |
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Background | |
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Introduction | |
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Methods | |
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Participants | |
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Data Collection | |
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Statistical Methods | |
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Results | |
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Discussion | |
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References | |
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Did They Use It? Beyond the Collection of Surveillance Information | |
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Introduction | |
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Surveillance Assumptions and Context | |
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Understanding the Dimensions of Use | |
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What Is Used? | |
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What Are the Kinds of Uses? | |
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Who Uses It? | |
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When Is It Used? | |
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How Direct Is the Derivation? | |
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How Much Effect Is Needed before Data Are Considered Used? | |
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How Well Is It Used? | |
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Implications for Use | |
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Acknowledgement | |
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References | |
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Harmonising Local Health Survey Data. The Euralim Experience | |
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Introduction | |
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Euralim | |
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Objectives | |
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Study Design | |
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Harmonisation and Database Management | |
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Harmonisation of Dietary Data | |
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Comparison of Within-Population Contrasts | |
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Information Campaign | |
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The Euralim Experience | |
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Co-ordination of Locally Based Surveys | |
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Definition of New Uniform Variables | |
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Age Standardisation | |
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Contrasts by Gender, Age Group, and Social Class | |
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Realistic Public Health Objectives | |
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Strategies for Global Surveillance of Health Determinants | |
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Acknowledgement | |
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References | |
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Appendix: Euralim Sites and Key Personnel | |
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Analysis, Interpretation, and Use of Complex Social and Behavioral Surveillance Data. Looking Back in Order to go Forward | |
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Introduction | |
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Framework and Goals of the Meeting | |
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Plenary Session | |
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Working Groups | |
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Analysis Group | |
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Interpretation Group | |
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Data Use Group | |
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Closing Session and Development of Recommendations | |
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Conclusion | |
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Mega Country Health Promotion Network Surveillance Initiative. Strengthening the Capacity of the World's Most Populous Countries to Monitor Non-Communicable Disease Behavioural Risk Factors | |
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Introduction | |
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Experiences Conducting Continuous Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance Systems in the United States and China | |
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U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | |
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China's Adaptation of the BRFSS | |
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Comparison of U.S. and China Surveillance Systems | |
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Lessons Learned | |
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Issues for Further Consideration | |
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Mega Country Health Promotion Network Surveillance Goals | |
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Moving from Surveys to Surveillance | |
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Addressing Critical Population-Based NCD Health Needs | |
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Contributing to Global NCD Data Collection | |
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Surveillance Challenges in the Mega Countries | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Epidemiological Surveillance System in Latin America and the Caribbean. Perspectives, Challenges, and Solutions | |
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Introduction | |
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Epidemiological Surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean | |
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Background | |
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Limitations and Challenges | |
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A Community-Based Information and Epidemiological Surveillance System: An Answer to the Obstacles in Developing Countries | |
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Rationale | |
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Information and Epidemiological Surveillance System for School-Age and Adolescent Populations (SIVEA) | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Creating a Synthetic Behavioural Risk Factor Index to Assess Trends in Surveillance Data. An Index of Risk for Cardio-Vascular Disease as an Example | |
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Introduction | |
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Creating a Synthetic Behavioural Risk Factor Index | |
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The U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System | |
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History of the BRFSS | |
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BRFSS Methodology | |
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Using BRFSS Data to Create a Synthetic Index | |
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Methods | |
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The Cardiovascular Disease Behavioral Risk Index (CaDRI) | |
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The Delphi Technique | |
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Data Analysis | |
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Results | |
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Discussion | |
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References | |
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Perspectives on Building Infra-Structure, Comparing Data, and Using Surveillance Data in Developing Countries | |
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Introduction | |
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Background | |
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Issues | |
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Capacity | |
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Comparability | |
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Data Use | |
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Themes | |
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Time as a Variable | |
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Sampling Methods | |
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Data Collection | |
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Data Analysis | |
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How Data Are Used | |
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Limitations | |
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Conclusion | |
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Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Advances Supported by the Pan American Health Organization | |
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The Pan American Health Organization | |
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Surveillance of Non-Communicable Diseases | |
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Questionnaire Development | |
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Survey Evaluation | |
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Conclusion | |
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References | |
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Perspectives on Global Risk Factor Surveillance. Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead | |
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The Watershed | |
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The Power of Behavioural Monitoring | |
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Terminology | |
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Four Essentials of a Socio-Behavioural Monitoring System for Public Health | |
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Two Major Areas of Concern for Socio-Behavioural Monitoring | |
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History and Development of Questionnaires Used in Risk Factor Surveillance | |
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Challenges in Questionnaires | |
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Opportunities in Questionnaires | |
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Analysis of Surveillance Data | |
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Conclusions | |