| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Defects in Host Defense Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Colonization | |
| |
| |
| |
First Line of Defense | |
| |
| |
| |
Second Line of Defense | |
| |
| |
| |
Factors that Influence the Quality of Host Defense | |
| |
| |
| |
Diseases that Affect Host Defense | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunosuppressive Drugs | |
| |
| |
| |
Plasmapheresis | |
| |
| |
| |
Radiation | |
| |
| |
| |
Attempts to Strengthen Host Defense | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Mucocutaneous Infections in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Skin as a Barrier to Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Skin Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Aspects of Skin Infections in the Compromised Patient | |
| |
| |
| |
Opportunistic Infections by Pathogen | |
| |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Aspects of Skin Infections in the Compromised Patient | |
| |
| |
| |
Inflammatory Disorders that Simulate Infection in the Compromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusion | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Clinical Approach to the Compromised Host with Fever and Pulmonary Infiltrates | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
The Febrile Pneumonitis Syndrome and Its Importance | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of the Infectious Causes of the Febrile Pneumonitis Syndrome in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
Overview of Noninfectious Causes of the Febrile Pneumonitis Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
Radiologic Clues to the Diagnosis of the Febrile Pneumonitis Syndrome | |
| |
| |
| |
Specific Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Superinfection | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Central Nervous System Infection in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Viral Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
Bacterial Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
Fungal Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
Protozoal Infections | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Fungal Infections in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Antifungal Prophylaxis in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
Empiric Antifungal Therapy in Neutropenic Patients with Persistent Fever | |
| |
| |
| |
Candidiasis | |
| |
| |
| |
Aspergillosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Zygomycosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Fusariosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Cryptococcosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Histoplasmosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Coccidioidomycosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Blastomycosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Unusual Fungal Pathogens | |
| |
| |
| |
Antifungal Agents | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Mycobacterial and Nocardial Diseases in the Compromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Microbiologic Classification and Clinical Syndromes | |
| |
| |
| |
Pathogenesis and Epidemiology | |
| |
| |
| |
Treatment of Tuberculosis, Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, and Alternative Antituberculosis Chemotherapy | |
| |
| |
| |
Nocardiosis | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Pneumocystis carinii and Parasitic Infections in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Pneumocystis carinii | |
| |
| |
| |
Toxoplasma gondii | |
| |
| |
| |
Cryptosporidium Species | |
| |
| |
| |
Isospora belli | |
| |
| |
| |
Microsporidia | |
| |
| |
| |
Strongyloides stercoralis | |
| |
| |
| |
Entamoeba histolytica and Amebiasis | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis | |
| |
| |
| |
Leishmaniasis | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Parasitic Diseases of the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Viral Hepatitis in the Compromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Role of Immunologic Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Viral Hepatitis | |
| |
| |
| |
Viral Hepatitis in the Immunocompromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
Prevention | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
The Herpesviruses | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
General Characteristics of Herpesviruses | |
| |
| |
| |
Characteristics of Particular Herpesviruses | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Morbidity in Compromised Patients Related to Viruses Other than Herpes Group and Hepatitis Viruses | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
DNA Viruses | |
| |
| |
| |
RNA Viruses | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Pathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Neurologic Manifestations of HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Clinical Manifestations of AIDS Dementia Complex | |
| |
| |
| |
Cachexia and Wasting in HIV-1 Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Metabolic Disturbances | |
| |
| |
| |
Principles of Antiretroviral Chemotherapy | |
| |
| |
| |
Primary and Secondary Prophylaxis of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-1-Infected Individuals | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Infectious Complications in Children with Cancer and Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Background | |
| |
| |
| |
Interface between Cancer and Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
Perturbations of Host Defense that Contribute to Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Fever | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunizations | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection Prophylaxis | |
| |
| |
| |
Use of Growth Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Infections Complicating Congenital Immunodeficiency Syndromes | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Aim of Therapy in Congenital Immunodeficiency Diseases | |
| |
| |
| |
Specific Infections in Immunodeficiency Syndromes | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Management of Infections in Leukemia and Lymphoma | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Host Defenses against Infection in Leukemias and Lymphomas | |
| |
| |
| |
The Role of Infection in Mortality from Leukemia and Lymphomas | |
| |
| |
| |
Problems with the Interpretation of Fever and Infection Incidence Data in Neutropenic States | |
| |
| |
| |
Causes of Fever in Leukemia and Lymphoma | |
| |
| |
| |
Site of Involvement and the Nature of the Microbial Pathogen(s) | |
| |
| |
| |
Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Recommended Therapeutic Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
Approach to the Splenectomized Patient | |
| |
| |
| |
Neutrophil Transfusions in the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Infection | |
| |
| |
| |
Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy of Infection | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Transplantation Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Recovery of Host Defenses | |
| |
| |
| |
Phases of Infection after HSCT | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase I: Infections between Conditioning and Engraftment | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase II: Infections between Engraftment and Day 100 | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase III: After 100 Days | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Infections | |
| |
| |
| |
Pretransplant Infectious Disease Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection Control Programs and Surveillance | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions and Future Considerations | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection in the Organ Transplant Recipient | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Risk of Infection in the Organ Transplant Recipient | |
| |
| |
| |
Timetable of Infection in the Organ Transplant Recipient | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection Occurring in the First Month Posttransplant | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection 1 to 6 Months Posttransplant | |
| |
| |
| |
Infection in Organ Transplant Patients More than 6 Months Posttransplant | |
| |
| |
| |
Infectious Disease Problems of Particular Importance in the Organ Transplant Patient | |
| |
| |
| |
Vaccine Use in Organ Transplant Recipients | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary and Prospects for the Future | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Surgical Aspects of Infection in the Compromised Host | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Diagnostic Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Preoperative Preparation | |
| |
| |
| |
Intraoperative Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
Postoperative Management | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Color Plates | |
| |
| |
Index | |