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| Introduction | |
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| Compilations | |
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| Explanations | |
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| Analytical Strategies | |
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| References Cited | |
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| What Are Data? | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Measurement Errors and Uncertainty | |
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| Accuracy, Precision, and Reliability | |
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| Significant Digits | |
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| Other Sources of Error | |
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| Outliers | |
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| Direct and Indirect Measurement | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Measuring Dispersion | |
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| Accumulating Errors | |
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| Graphic Summaries of Data | |
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| Tables | |
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| Box-and-Dot Plots and Stem-and-Leaf Plots | |
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| Bar Graphs | |
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| Histograms | |
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| Line Graphs | |
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| Cumulative Frequency Graphs (Ogives) | |
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| Scatterplots | |
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| Pie Charts (Circle Graphs) | |
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| Windflowers and Rose Plots | |
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| Spatial Histograms and Isopleth Maps | |
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| General Principles in Creating Graphs | |
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| Transformations and Problems of Scale | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Systematics, Compilations, and Database Design | |
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| Systematics | |
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| Paradigmatic Classification | |
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| Taxonomy | |
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| Grouping | |
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| Bounded Grouping | |
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| Central-Tendency Methods | |
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| Attribute Association | |
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| Types or Classes? | |
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| Practical Considerations in Typology | |
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| Compilations: Database Design | |
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| Information Language | |
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| Graphical Information Languages | |
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| Digital Information Languages | |
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| Database Design | |
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| Database Structure | |
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| Data Flow Diagrams | |
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| Data Dictionaries | |
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| Hypermedia and Hypertext | |
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| Hypermedia and Relational Databases | |
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| Hypermedia and Multimedia | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Research Design and Sampling | |
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| Research Design | |
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| Sampling | |
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| Defining Populations of Interest | |
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| Sampling Frame and Sample Elements | |
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| Sampling Strategies | |
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| The Paradox of Archaeological Sampling | |
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| An Example of the Effect of Autocorrelation on Cluster Samples | |
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| Sampling Fraction and Sample Size | |
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| Nonrandom Samples and Exchangeability | |
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| Checklist for Sampling | |
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| Nonsampling Research | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Quantification: Abundance and Other Measures in Archaeology | |
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| Assessing Abundance in Samples | |
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| Number of Identified Specimens (NISP) | |
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| The Shotwell Measure and WAE | |
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| Mass | |
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| Area Measurement | |
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| Density and Ratios | |
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| Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) | |
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| Minimum Number of Elements (MNE) | |
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| Estimates of Population Parameters | |
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| The Krantz Estimator | |
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| The Peterson Estimator | |
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| Completeness Indices and Estimated Equivalents (PIE) | |
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| Total Minimum Animal Units (TMAU) | |
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| Indirect Measures | |
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| Yield Estimates | |
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| Nonabundance Measures | |
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| Ubiquity | |
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| Diversity | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Probability and Testing Statistical Hypotheses | |
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| "Verifying" Hypotheses | |
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| Probability | |
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| Parametric Tests | |
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| The Z-Test | |
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| Tests Based on Other Distributions | |
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| Bayesian Inference | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Basic Artifact Conservation | |
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| Artifacts in the Burial Environment | |
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| Collecting Artifacts in the Field | |
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| Handling Artifacts in the Laboratory | |
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| Simple Cleaning of Artifacts | |
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| Storage of Archaeological Collections | |
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| Collection Monitoring and Condition Census | |
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| Conservation Documentation | |
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| Pottery Refitting | |
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| Removing Samples for Analysis | |
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| Ethical Issues | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Analysing Lithics | |
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| La Chaine Operatoire | |
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| Lithic Raw Material | |
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| Fracture Mechanics and Stone Tool Manufacture | |
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| The Anatomy of Flakes | |
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| Lithic Attributes | |
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| Attributes of Cores | |
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| Attributes of Flakes and Blanks | |
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| Attributes of Retouched Tools | |
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| Attributes of Waste and Debris | |
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| Illustrating Lithic Attributes | |
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| The Replication of Stone Tools | |
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| Ground-Stone Tools | |
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| The Manufacture of Ground-Stone Tools | |
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| The Anatomy of Common Ground-Stone Tools | |
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| Some Attributes of Ground-Stone Tools | |
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| Research on Chipped and Ground Lithics | |
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| The Function and Use of Stone Tools | |
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| Economizing Behavior and Design in Stone Tools | |
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| Style in Stone Tools | |
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| Non-Use Alteration of Lithics | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Analysing Pottery | |
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| The Anatomy of a Pot | |
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| Measuring Vessel Form | |
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| Ceramic Technological Analysis | |
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| Body Preparation | |
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| Construction of the Vessel | |
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| Primary Forming | |
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| Secondary Forming | |
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| Finishing Techniques | |
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| Drying and Firing the Vessels | |
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| Functional Analysis | |
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| Stylistic Analysis | |
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| Other Approaches to Pottery | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Analysing Osteological and Other Faunal Remains | |
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| Types of Faunal Remains | |
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| Taphonomy and Faunal Assemblages | |
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| Animal Taxonomy | |
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| Mammalian Anatomy | |
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| Axial Parts | |
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| Appendicular Parts | |
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| Teeth | |
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| Anatomy of Birds | |
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| Anatomy of Bony Fish | |
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| Anatomy of Molluscs | |
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| Identifying Taxa | |
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| Determining Sex | |
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| Age at Death | |
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| Seasonality | |
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| Paleoecology | |
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| Biostratigraphy | |
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| Domestication of Animals | |
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| Taxonomic Abundance--Menu Preference | |
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| Elemental Abundance--Choice of Cut | |
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| Butchering Practices | |
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| Mortality Profiles--Hunting Strategies and Herd Management | |
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| Paleopathology | |
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| Trace Elements, Isotopes, and Diet | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Analysing Plant Remains | |
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| Types of Plant Remains | |
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| Macrofossils | |
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| Seeds and Nuts | |
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| Wood Charcoal and Parenchymous Parts | |
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| Microfossils | |
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| Chemical Traces | |
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| Plant Taphonomy and Preservation | |
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| Ecological Archaeology and Reconstructing Paleoenvironments | |
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| Reconstructing Paleodiets and Plant Use | |
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| Plant Domestication | |
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| Agricultural History and Land Use | |
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| Plant Processing and Agricultural Activity | |
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| Seasonality | |
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| Chronology | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Soils, Sediments, and Geomorphology | |
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| Soils and Sediments | |
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| Lithostratigraphy and Archaeological Stratigraphy | |
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| Texture and Particle Characteristics | |
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| Particle Shape | |
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| Sediment Color | |
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| pH | |
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| Phosphates | |
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| Geomorphology and Site-Formation Processes | |
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| Environmental Interpretation | |
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| Cultural Interpretation | |
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| Stratigraphic Correlations | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Seriation | |
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| Multidimensional Scaling and Correspondence Analysis | |
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| A Bayesian Approach to Seriation | |
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| The Use and Interpretation of Seriations | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Stratigraphy | |
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| The Harris Matrix | |
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| Grouping Stratigraphic Units | |
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| Associating Noncontiguous Stratigraphic Units | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Interpreting Radiocarbon Dates | |
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| Kinds of Dates and Events | |
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| What are Radiocarbon "Dates"? | |
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| Date Calibration | |
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| Comparing Dates | |
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| Radiocarbon Software | |
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| Combining Radiocarbon and Stratigraphic Evidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Archaeological Illustration | |
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| Early Archaeological Illustration | |
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| Styles of Representation and Basic Conventions | |
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| Basic Equipment and Supplies | |
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| Lithic Illustration | |
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| Pottery Illustration | |
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| Illustrating "Small Finds" | |
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| Maps and Plans | |
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| Stratigraphic Sections | |
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| Computer Scanners | |
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| Computer Graphics | |
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| Preparing Graphics for Publication | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |