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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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A Note on Method and Scope | |
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Gender Schemas at Work | |
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What Holds Up the Glass Ceiling? | |
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Gender Schemas | |
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Accumulation of Advantage | |
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Schemas, Exceptions, and Fairness | |
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Gender Schemas at Work | |
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The Origins and Effects of Gender Schemas | |
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Childhood Learning | |
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Sex, Gender, and Schemas | |
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The Cognition of Gender | |
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Expectations and Gender Traits | |
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Schemas and Professional Evaluations | |
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Qualifications and Responsibilities | |
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Self-Perception | |
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Remedies | |
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Gender Begins -- and Continues -- at Home | |
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Turning Babies into Girls and Boys | |
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Not Just a Baby | |
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Not Just a Child | |
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Turning Play into Work | |
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Children's Chores | |
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Gender and Play | |
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Injustice at Home | |
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Explaining Inequity at Home | |
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Learning About Gender | |
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Cognitive Components of Gender Knowledge | |
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Influences of Adults and Peers | |
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"The Boys Don't Cheer": Children's Play in Middle Childhood | |
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Cultural Influences | |
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Expectations and Children's School Performance | |
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Why Do Girls and Women Do So Well? | |
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Biology and Behavior | |
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Sex Hormones | |
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Within-Sex Variability | |
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Variation in Trait Expression | |
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Reproduction | |
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Height | |
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Voice Pitch | |
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Behavioral Traits and Professional Achievement | |
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Activity Level | |
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Aggression | |
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The Significance of Sex Differences | |
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Biology and Cognition | |
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Verbal Ability | |
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Perceptual Speed | |
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Mathematical Ability | |
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Cross-Cultural Differences | |
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Sex Differences | |
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Early Childhood Differences | |
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Nature of Difficulties with Word Problems | |
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The Mathematics Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT-M) | |
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Unconventional Problem Solving | |
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Importance of Sex Differences | |
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Spatial Visualization and Mental Rotation | |
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Mental Rotation and Math Performance | |
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Problem-Solving Strategies | |
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Practice | |
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Instructions | |
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Time | |
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Conclusion: The Significance of Cognitive Sex Differences | |
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Schemas That Explain Behavior | |
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How Schemas Affect Perceptions, Interpretations, and Expectations | |
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Sex Differences | |
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Who's Normal? Who's Better? | |
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Origins of Gender Schemas | |
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Entrenching Gender Schemas | |
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Schema Interactions and Schema Clashes | |
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Evaluating Women and Men | |
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Perceptions of Leadership | |
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Perceptions of Competence | |
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Perceptions of Assertiveness | |
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The Cost for a Woman of Being Masculine | |
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The Cost for a Woman of Being Perceived as Feminine | |
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Physical Attractiveness | |
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Size of Pool | |
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Accumulation of Advantage and Disadvantage | |
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Effects on the Self | |
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Expectation Effects | |
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Conversational Effects, Sight Unseen | |
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Gaze | |
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Self-esteem and Goals | |
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Expectations and Alternatives | |
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Equity, Entitlement, and Perceptions of Bias | |
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Interpreting Success and Failure | |
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Explaining Others' Successes and Failures | |
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Job Success | |
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Job Failure | |
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Omnicompetent Men | |
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Understanding Our Own Successes and Failures | |
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Dr. X | |
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Understanding Dr. X | |
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The Downside of the Male Attribution Pattern | |
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Professor Y | |
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Understanding Professor Y | |
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The Downside of the Female Attribution Pattern | |
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Good Attribution Patterns for Men and Women | |
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The Costs of Effort | |
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Women in the Professions | |
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Understanding the Data | |
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Aggregate and Cohort Data | |
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Within-rank Comparisons | |
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Equal Pay | |
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Qualifications | |
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Business | |
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College Graduates | |
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Careers of MBAs | |
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Managers | |
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International Business | |
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The CIA | |
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Engineers | |
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Law | |
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Structure of the Profession | |
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Women's Representation in Law | |
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Associates and Partners | |
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Salary in Law Firms | |
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In-house Lawyers | |
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The Judiciary | |
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Medicine | |
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Sports | |
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Participation | |
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Coaches and Administrators | |
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Professional Tennis | |
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Summary | |
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Gender Schemas | |
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Women in Academia | |
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The Status Structure of Academia | |
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Salary | |
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Across Disciplines | |
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Humanities | |
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Science and Engineering | |
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Rank and Tenure | |
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Rank Percentages | |
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Gender Percentages | |
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Rank and Tenure | |
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Rank Across Disciplines | |
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Tenure Across Disciplines | |
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The Humanities | |
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Science and Engineering | |
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An Apparent Contradiction | |
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Prestige of Institution and Teaching Load | |
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Progress in Academia | |
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A Case Study: Psychologists | |
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Summary | |
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Professional Performance and Human Values | |
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Expectations | |
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Human Capital | |
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Performance Issues | |
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Law | |
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Academia | |
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Quantity of Publications | |
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Quality of Publications | |
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Teaching | |
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What Do Men and Women in the Professions Want? | |
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Preferences on the Job | |
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A Well-Rounded Life | |
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Child Care | |
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The Role of Gender Schemas | |
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Affirmative Action and the Law | |
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Affirmative Action Procedures | |
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The Impact of Affirmative Action | |
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How Has Affirmative Action Changed Organizations? | |
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Gender Schemas as Barriers to Affirmative Action | |
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What Impact Does Affirmative Action Have on Beneficiaries? | |
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Should Affirmative Action Procedures Be Abolished? | |
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Can We Neutralize the Psychological Costs of Affirmative Action? | |
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The Role of Institutions | |
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The Role of the Individual | |
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Lawsuits | |
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Partnership: A Case Study | |
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Educating the Judiciary | |
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Benefits of Successful Suits | |
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Limitations of Successful Suits | |
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Gender Schemas and Mixed Motives | |
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Tenure: A Case Study | |
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School Admission: Two Case Studies | |
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Effects of Lawsuits on Employees and Observers | |
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Effects of Lawsuits on Employers | |
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The Future | |
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Remedies | |
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Toward Accurate Evaluations | |
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Learning about Gender Schemas | |
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Challenging Hypotheses | |
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Educating Children | |
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Reducing Reliance on Gender Schemas | |
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Time | |
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Attention | |
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Accountability | |
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Increasing the Number of Women in a Candidate Pool | |
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Learning to Reason | |
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Awareness Training | |
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Institutional Policies | |
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The Roles of Committed Leaders | |
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Performance Criteria | |
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Johns Hopkins--A Case Study | |
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Costs and Benefits of Progressive Policies | |
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Equalizing the Accumulation of Advantage | |
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Be Where Women Are Well-Represented | |
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Be Impersonal, Friendly, and Respectful | |
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Build Power | |
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Seek Information | |
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Become an Expert | |
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Get Endorsed by Legitimate Authority | |
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Negotiate, Bargain, Seek Advancement | |
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Overcome Internal Barriers to Effectiveness | |
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How Valuable Are Role Models? | |
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Personal Lives | |
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More Work and Less Work | |
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Children | |
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Notes | |
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References | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |