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| Preface | |
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| Institutions: A Brief Excursion through History | |
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| The Ancients | |
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| In Between: Monasteries, Guilds, and Universities | |
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| Early Modern Europe: Patents, Prizes, and Patrons | |
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| Patents Come into Their Own | |
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| Modern Patrons: Foundations | |
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| Big Science and the Growth of Government Funding | |
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| Modern Hybrid Institutions | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Investing in Knowledge | |
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| Intellectual Property: Tolls on the Information Highway | |
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| Ideas and Innovations | |
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| Prizes | |
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| Choosing among Ideas | |
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| Contests | |
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| Efficient Investments in Knowledge | |
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| Summary | |
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| Technical Notes | |
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| A Primer for Nonlawyers on Intellectual Property | |
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| Patents | |
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| Copyright | |
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| Trade Secrets | |
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| Miscellaneous Rights | |
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| The Problem of Disclosure | |
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| Breadth and the Required Inventive Step | |
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| Intellectual Property and Antitrust | |
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| Technical Note: Doing Legal Research | |
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| On the Optimal Design of Intellectual Property | |
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| How Profitable Should Intellectual Property Rights Be? | |
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| Breadth as a Policy Lever | |
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| Structuring the Profit: Length and Breadth | |
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| Some Virtues and Defects of Patent Races | |
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| The Role of Exemptions | |
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| The Problem of One-Size-Fits-All | |
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| Technical Notes | |
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| Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Protecting Cumulative Innovators | |
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| Three Types of Cumulativeness | |
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| Basic and Applied Research | |
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| Research Tools | |
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| Quality Ladders | |
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| Breadth and Inventive Step on a Quality Ladder | |
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| Prospecting | |
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| Summary | |
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| Licensing, Joint Ventures, and Competition Policy | |
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| Licensing for Productive Efficiency | |
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| Competition Policy in the Innovation Context | |
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| Ex Ante Mergers and R&D Joint Ventures | |
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| Ex Post Mergers and Patent Pools | |
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| Collective Rights Management Organizations and Compulsory Licensing | |
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| Licensing versus Sale of Protected Works | |
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| Technical Notes | |
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| Litigation and Enforcement | |
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| Evidence on Litigation | |
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| Remedies for Infringement and How They Matter | |
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| Enforcement of Copyrights by Technical Protection Measures | |
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| Limited Sharing of Copyrighted Works | |
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| Innovation Today: A Private-Public Partnership | |
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| The Tangled Web of Funding Relationships | |
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| University Innovation | |
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| Government Innovation | |
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| Mixed Private-Public Incentives | |
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| The Government Grant Process | |
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| The Virtues of Open Science | |
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| Technical Note: Disclosure and Expected Time to Discovery | |
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| The Value of R&D and Patents | |
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| R&D and Productivity Growth | |
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| Patent Data and the Private Value of R&D Spending | |
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| The Skewed Distribution of Patent Values | |
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| Summary | |
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| Networks and Network Effects | |
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| Direct Network Benefits | |
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| Systems Competition and Proprietary Interfaces | |
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| Physical Networks: The Internet | |
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| Physical Networks: Cell Phones | |
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| Technical Notes | |
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| Innovation in the Global Economy | |
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| Trade Policy and Treaties | |
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| National Treatment and Efficient Protection | |
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| Country-Level Optimal Protection | |
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| National Autonomy and Protected Subject Matters | |
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| Intellectual Property and the Public Domain | |
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| National Autonomy and Trade Rules | |
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| Externalities and International Cooperation | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Index | |