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| Preface | |
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| How to Read This Book | |
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| Dealing with Difficult Subjects | |
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| Personal Motivation | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Simplicity and Complexity | |
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| The Convergence of the Sciences | |
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| The Silicon Laboratory | |
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| Computation | |
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| Number Systems and Infinity | |
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| Introduction to Number Properties | |
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| Counting Numbers | |
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| Rational Numbers | |
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| Irrational Numbers | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Computability and Incomputability | |
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| Godelization | |
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| Models of Computation | |
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| Lisp and Stutter | |
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| Equivalence and Time Complexity | |
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| Universal Computation and Decision Problems | |
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| Incomputability | |
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| Number Sets Revisited | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: Computation | |
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| Godel's Incompleteness Result | |
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| Incompleteness versus Incomputability | |
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| Discrete versus Continuous | |
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| Incomputability versus Computability | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Fractals | |
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| Self-Similarity and Fractal Geometry | |
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| The Cantor Set | |
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| The Koch Curve | |
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| The Peano Curve | |
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| Fractional Dimensions | |
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| Random Fractals in Nature and Brownian Motion | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| L-Systems and Fractal Growth | |
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| Production Systems | |
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| Turtle Graphics | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Affine Transformation Fractals | |
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| A Review of Linear Algebra | |
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| Composing Affine Linear Operations | |
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| The Multiple Reduction Copy Machine Algorithm | |
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| Iterated Functional Systems | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| The Mandelbrot Set and Julia Sets | |
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| Iterative Dynamical Systems | |
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| Complex Numbers | |
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| The Mandelbrot Set | |
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| The M-Set and Computability | |
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| The M-Set as the Master Julia Set | |
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| Other Mysteries of the M-Set | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: Fractals | |
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| Algorithmic Regularity as Simplicity | |
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| Stochastic Irregularity as Simplicity | |
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| Effective Complexity | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Chaos | |
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| Nonlinear Dynamics in Simple Maps | |
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| The Logistic Map | |
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| Stability and Instability | |
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| Bifurcations and Universality | |
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| Prediction, Layered Pastry, and Information Loss | |
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| The Shadowing Lemma | |
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| Characteristics of Chaos | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Strange Attractors | |
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| The Henon Attractor | |
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| A Brief Introduction to Calculus | |
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| The Lorenz Attractor | |
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| The Mackey-Glass System | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Producer-Consumer Dynamics | |
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| Producer-Consumer Interactions | |
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| Predator-Prey Systems | |
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| Generalized Lotka-Volterra Systems | |
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| Individual-Based Ecology | |
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| Unifying Themes | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Controlling Chaos | |
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| Taylor Expansions | |
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| Vector Calculus | |
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| Inner and Outer Vector Product | |
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| Eigenvectors, Eigenvalues, and Basis | |
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| OGY Control | |
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| Controlling the Henon Map | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: Chaos | |
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| Chaos and Randomness | |
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| Randomness and Incomputability | |
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| Incomputability and Chaos | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Complex Systems | |
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| Cellular Automata | |
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| One-Dimensional CA | |
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| Wolfram's CA Classification | |
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| Langton's Lambda Parameter | |
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| Conway's Game of Life | |
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| Natural CA-like Phenomena | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Autonomous Agents and Self-Organization | |
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| Termites | |
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| Virtual Ants | |
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| Flocks, Herds, and Schools | |
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| Unifying Themes | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Competition and Cooperation | |
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| Game Theory and Zero-Sum Games | |
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| Nonzero-Sum Games and Dilemmas | |
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| Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma | |
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| Stable Strategies and Other Considerations | |
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| Ecological and Spatial Worlds | |
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| Final Thoughts | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Natural and Analog Computation | |
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| Artificial Neural Networks | |
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| Associative Memory and Hebbian Learning | |
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| Recalling Letters | |
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| Hopfield Networks and Cost Optimization | |
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| Unifying Themes | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: Complex Systems | |
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| Phase Transitions in Networks | |
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| Phase Transitions in Computation | |
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| Phase Transitions and Criticality | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Adaptation | |
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| Genetics and Evolution | |
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| Biological Adaptation | |
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| Heredity as Motivation for Simulated Evolution | |
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| Details of a Genetic Algorithm | |
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| A Sampling of GA Encodings | |
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| Schemata and Implicit Parallelism | |
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| Other Evolutionary Inspirations | |
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| Unifying Themes | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Classifier Systems | |
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| Feedback and Control | |
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| Production, Expert, and Classifier Systems | |
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| The Zeroth Level Classifier System | |
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| Experiments with ZCS | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Neural Networks and Learning | |
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| Pattern Classification and the Perceptron | |
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| Linear Inseparability | |
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| Multilayer Perceptrons | |
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| Backpropagation | |
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| Function Approximation | |
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| Internal Representations | |
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| Other Applications | |
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| Unifying Themes | |
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| Further Exploration | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Postscript: Adaptation | |
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| Models and Search Methods | |
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| Search Methods and Environments | |
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| Environments and Models | |
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| Adaptation and Computation | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Epilogue | |
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| Duality and Dichotomy | |
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| Web of Connections | |
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| Interfaces to Hierarchies | |
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| Limitations on Knowledge | |
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| Source Code Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |