| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
"Artificial Society" Models | |
| |
| |
Agents | |
| |
| |
Environment | |
| |
| |
Rules | |
| |
| |
Object-Oriented Implementation | |
| |
| |
Social Structures Emerge | |
| |
| |
The Sugarscape Model | |
| |
| |
Life and Death on the Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
A CompuTerrarium | |
| |
| |
Agent Social Networks | |
| |
| |
Sex, Culture, and Conflict: The Emergence of History | |
| |
| |
Sugar and Spice: Trade Comes to the Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
Markets of Neoclassical Agents | |
| |
| |
Markets of Non-Neoclassical Agents | |
| |
| |
Credit Networks | |
| |
| |
Social Computation | |
| |
| |
Disease Agents | |
| |
| |
A Society Is Born | |
| |
| |
Artificial Societies versus Traditional Models | |
| |
| |
Heterogeneous Agent Populations | |
| |
| |
Space Distinct from the Agent Population | |
| |
| |
Agent-Environment and Agent-Agent Interactions according to Simple Local Rules | |
| |
| |
Focus on Dynamics | |
| |
| |
Beyond Methodological Individualism | |
| |
| |
Collective Structures Emerge from the Bottom Up | |
| |
| |
Artificial Societies versus ALife | |
| |
| |
Cellular Automata + Agents = Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
Toward Generative Social Science: Can You Grow It? | |
| |
| |
| |
Life and Death on the Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
In the Beginning . . . There Was Sugar | |
| |
| |
Simple Local Rules for the Environment | |
| |
| |
The Agents | |
| |
| |
Agent States | |
| |
| |
Simple Local Rules for the Agents | |
| |
| |
Artificial Society on the Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
Carrying Capacity | |
| |
| |
Selection without Sex | |
| |
| |
Wealth and Its Distribution in the Agent Population | |
| |
| |
Emergence | |
| |
| |
Measures of Economic Inequality: The Gini Coefficient | |
| |
| |
Social Networks of Neighbors | |
| |
| |
Migration | |
| |
| |
Seasonal Migration | |
| |
| |
Pollution: A Negative Externality | |
| |
| |
A Social Interpretation | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
The Surprising Sufficiency of Simple Rules | |
| |
| |
Artificial Social Systems as Laboratories | |
| |
| |
| |
Sex, Culture, and Conflict: The Emergence of History | |
| |
| |
Sexual Reproduction | |
| |
| |
Fertility | |
| |
| |
The Theory of Evolution Brought to Life | |
| |
| |
Regimes of Population Dynamics | |
| |
| |
Nature and Nurture: The Genetic Effect of Inheritance | |
| |
| |
Genealogical Networks | |
| |
| |
Cultural Processes | |
| |
| |
Cultural Tags | |
| |
| |
Cultural Transmission | |
| |
| |
Cultural Groups | |
| |
| |
Notation | |
| |
| |
Cultural Dynamics | |
| |
| |
Vertical Transmission of Culture | |
| |
| |
Networks of Friends | |
| |
| |
Combat | |
| |
| |
Reward Equal to Accumulated Wealth | |
| |
| |
Reward Equal to a Fixed Value | |
| |
| |
Effect of Rule Changes on Emergent Structures | |
| |
| |
Combat and Assimilation: Two Modes of Group Defense | |
| |
| |
The Proto-History | |
| |
| |
| |
Sugar and Spice: Trade Comes to the Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
Spice: A Second Commodity | |
| |
| |
The Agent Welfare Function | |
| |
| |
The Agent Movement Rule in the Presence of Two Commodities | |
| |
| |
Trade Rules | |
| |
| |
Internal Valuations | |
| |
| |
The Bargaining Rule and Local Price Formation | |
| |
| |
The Trade Algorithm | |
| |
| |
Markets of Bilateral Traders | |
| |
| |
Neoclassical Agents and Statistical Price Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
The Invisible Hand | |
| |
| |
Performance of Markets Produced by Neoclassical Traders | |
| |
| |
Carrying Capacity Is Increased by Trade | |
| |
| |
Statistical Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
Horizontal Inequality | |
| |
| |
Local Efficiency, Global Inefficiency | |
| |
| |
Far from Equilibrium Economics | |
| |
| |
Effect of the Distribution of Agent Vision on Price Variance | |
| |
| |
Non-Neoclassical Agents and Further Departures from Equilibrium | |
| |
| |
Finite Lives: Replacement | |
| |
| |
Equity | |
| |
| |
Finite Lives: Sexual Reproduction | |
| |
| |
Effect of Culturally Varying Preferences | |
| |
| |
Externalities and Price Disequilibrium: The Effect of Pollution | |
| |
| |
On the Evolution of Foresight | |
| |
| |
Emergent Economic Networks | |
| |
| |
Commodity Flows through Networks of Trade Partners | |
| |
| |
Credit Networks and the Emergence of Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
Social Computation, Emergent Computation | |
| |
| |
Summary and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Policy Implications | |
| |
| |
| |
Disease Processes | |
| |
| |
Models of Disease Transmission and Immune Response | |
| |
| |
Heterogeneous People, Homogeneous Models | |
| |
| |
Separate Space | |
| |
| |
Immune System Response | |
| |
| |
Binary Strings | |
| |
| |
Symptoms | |
| |
| |
The Immunological Response Rule | |
| |
| |
Immunological Memory as Lock-In | |
| |
| |
Disease Transmission | |
| |
| |
Multiple Diseases | |
| |
| |
Genotypes and Phenotypes | |
| |
| |
Childhood Diseases | |
| |
| |
Digital Diseases on the Sugarscape | |
| |
| |
Disease Transmission Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
Conclusions | |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Emergent Society | |
| |
| |
Indecomposability | |
| |
| |
Complexity and Policy | |
| |
| |
Some Extensions of the Current Model | |
| |
| |
Rule Ecologies and the "Fitness" of Maximization | |
| |
| |
A Definition of "Sustainability" | |
| |
| |
Artificial Agents + Real Landscapes = Hybrid Models | |
| |
| |
Computational Archaeology | |
| |
| |
Other Artificial Societies | |
| |
| |
A Variant of Schelling's Segregation Model | |
| |
| |
Ring World | |
| |
| |
Analysis | |
| |
| |
Formal Analysis of Artificial Societies | |
| |
| |
Generative Social Science | |
| |
| |
Looking Ahead ... | |
| |
| |
Appendixes | |
| |
| |
| |
Software Engineering Aspects of Artificial Societies | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary of Rule Notation | |
| |
| |
| |
State-Dependence of the Welfare Function | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Index | |