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| Preface | |
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| The Auditory Scene | |
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| Historical Difference between Auditory and Visual Perception | |
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| The Problem of Scene Analysis | |
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| Objects Compared to Streams | |
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| The Principle of Exclusive Allocation | |
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| Two Comparisons of Scene Analysis in Vision and Audition | |
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| Auditory Streaming and Apparent Motion | |
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| Gestalt Grouping Explanation | |
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| Auditory Streaming versus Apparent Motion | |
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| Scene-Analysis Explanation | |
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| Closure and Belongingness | |
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| Sequential versus Spectral Organization | |
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| Perceptual Decomposition of Complex Sounds | |
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| Horizontal and Vertical Processes of Organization | |
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| Types of Explanation of These Phenomena | |
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| Scene-Analysis View Prevents Missing of Vision-Audition Differences | |
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| Differences in the Ecology of Vision and Audition | |
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| Primitive versus Schema-Based Stream Segregation | |
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| Verification Of The Theory | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sequential Integration | |
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| Auditory Stream Segregation | |
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| An Experiment with Artificial Words | |
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| Previous Knowledge of the Streaming Phenomenon | |
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| Early Scientific Observation | |
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| Methodology for the Study of Stream Segregation | |
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| Rationale for Recycled Sequences | |
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| How to Measure Streaming | |
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| List of Measures That Have Been Used | |
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| Method of Adjustment. | |
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| Method of Limits. | |
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| Proportion of Time Integrated and Segregated. | |
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| Rating Scale for Fixed Presentations. | |
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| Pattern Recognition. | |
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| Rhythm Changes. | |
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| Drawing or Writing Down What You Hear. | |
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| Judgment of the Order of Elements in a Repeating Sequence. | |
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| Counting Tones. | |
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| Factors Influencing Stream Segregation | |
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| Frequency Separation and Rate | |
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| What Property of Time Intervals Influences Streaming? | |
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| What Are The Elements? | |
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| How to Define Onsets | |
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| Hierarchy of Time Scales with Properties Computed at Each | |
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| Spatial Location | |
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| Stream Segregation Based on Spatial Location | |
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| Switching Signals between the Ears | |
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| Spectral Frequency and Fundamental Frequency | |
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| Timbre | |
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| The Problem of the Definition of Timbre | |
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| Nonanalytical Studies of Grouping by Timbre | |
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| Brightness and Timbre | |
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| Two Kinds of Spectral Constancy | |
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| Beyond the Study of Steady-State Tones | |
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| What Remains to Be Studied | |
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| Timbre Space or Single Properties? Metameric Timbre | |
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| Multidimensional Timbre Space | |
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| Amplitude Differences | |
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| Cumulative Effects Of Repetitions | |
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| Explanations of the Cumulation Effect | |
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| Continuity | |
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| Trajectory-Based Integration | |
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| Effects Of Streaming | |
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| Focusing on the Stream as a Unit | |
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| Computation of Within-Stream Emergent Properties | |
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| Temporal Relations | |
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| Recognition of Order | |
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| Why Effects of Streaming on Order Perception Are Not Always Clear | |
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| Other Measures of Temporal Relations | |
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| Generation of Within-Stream Rhythms | |
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| Perception of Overlap | |
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| Effects on Gap Discrimination | |
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| Effects on Apparent Rate | |
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| Conclusions about the Effects on Temporal Relations | |
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| Complete Loss of Across-Stream Information? | |
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| Competition among Alternative Organizations | |
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| Belongingness | |
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| Experimental Data on Competition | |
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| Validity of Competition | |
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| Limitation of the Principle of Exclusive Allocation | |
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| Summary of Effects of Streaming | |
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| Stream Segregation and Vision | |
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| Similarities with Vision | |
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| Interactions with Vision | |
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| Theoretical Explanations of Stream Segregation | |
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| Scene Analysis and Other Forms of Explanation | |
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| Physiological Hypotheses | |
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| Functional Explanation | |
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| Mechanistic Forms of Explanation | |
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| Local Rules | |
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| Global Rules | |
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| Proximity. | |
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| Similarity. | |
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| Good Continuation and Completion. | |
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| Organization. | |
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| Context. | |
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| Belongingness. | |
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| The Perceptual Field. | |
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| Innateness and Automaticity. | |
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| Hierarchies in Auditory Organization | |
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| Relation to Other Psychological Mechanisms: Attention | |
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| Teleological Approach | |
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| Formal versus Informal Theorizing | |
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| Integration of Simultaneous Auditory Components | |
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| A Miniature Scene-Analysis Problem | |
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| Factors Influencing Integration of Simultaneous Components | |
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| The "Old-Plus-New" Heuristic | |
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| Spectral Relations | |
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| Properties of the Harmonics | |
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| Harmonic Relations (Harmonicity) in Complex Tones | |
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| Models of the Pitch-Analysis Process | |
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| Theories of Pitch Analysis | |
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| Listening to Inharmonic Partials | |
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| Fusion and Segregation of Simultaneous Complexes | |
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| Common Fate (AM and FM) | |
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| FM: Parallel Changes in the Frequency of Partials | |
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| Micromodulation | |
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| Glides | |
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| AM: Common Amplitude Change at Different Spectral Locations | |
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| Onset-Offset Asynchrony | |
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| Common Periodicity (AM) at Different Spectral Locations | |
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| Amplitude Modulation of Subsets of Partials | |
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| Comparison of AM and FM Effects | |
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| Correlation of Auditory with Visual Changes | |
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| Summary of Effects of Common Fate | |
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| Spatial Correspondence | |
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| Evidence That Ear Comparisons Must Be Frequency Specific | |
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| Computer Programs That Use Spatial Correspondence | |
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| Interaction with Other Cues in Determining Grouping | |
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| Contribution of Perceptual Grouping to Perceived Location | |
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| Interaction with Sequential Integration | |
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| Interaction with Cues for Spectral Fusion | |
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| Conclusion: Classical versus Organizational Cues | |
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| Other Factors Affecting Fusion of Simultaneous Components | |
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| Comparison between Fusion and Masking | |
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| Comodulation Release from Masking | |
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| Meaning of These Findings for Biology | |
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| Perceptual Results of Simultaneous Integration and Segregation | |
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| Examples of Within-Stream Computation of Properties | |
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| Within-Stream Temporal Properties | |
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| Streaming Rules | |
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| Pitch | |
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| Timbre | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Consonance and Dissonance | |
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| What Is the Default Condition: Fusion or Decomposition? | |
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| Reallocation of Intensity and Timbre Information | |
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| The Consequences of Simultaneous/Sequential Competition | |
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| Apparent Continuity and Contralateral Induction | |
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| The Continuity Illusion | |
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| Rules Governing the Generative Process | |
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| The "No Discontinuity in A" Rule | |
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| The "Sufficiency of Evidence" Rule | |
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| The "A1-A2 Grouping" Rule | |
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| The "A Is Not B" Rule | |
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| The "Old-Plus-New" Heuristic | |
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| Examples Examined in the Light of Theory | |
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| Continuity of Words and Musical Scales | |
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| Integration as the Default Condition in the Auditory System | |
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| Duration of the Softer Tone | |
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| The "Roll" Effect | |
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| Comparison with Vision | |
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| Contralateral Induction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Schema-Based Segregation and Integration | |
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| Nature of Primitive and Schema-Based Organization | |
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| Properties That May Distinguish the Two Systems | |
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| How Do We Know They Should Be Distinguished? | |
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| Does Learning Affect Streaming? | |
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| Do Regular Patterns Form More Coherent Streams? | |
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| Jones' Rhythmic Theory of Attention | |
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| Does the Auditory System Track and Project Trajectories? | |
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| Evidence That the System Does Not Project Trajectories | |
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| Evidence That the System Projects Trajectories | |
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| Trajectory-Based Integration of Streams | |
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| Order of Unidirectional Sequences Is Easier to Report | |
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| Results Explainable by Other Factors | |
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| Comparison with Vision | |
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| "Is Auditory Attention Inherently Rhythmical?" | |
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| Regularity of Rhythm: Does It Promote Segregation? | |
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| Evidence That Rhythm Favors Segregation | |
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| Segregation Occurs with Temporally Irregular Sequences | |
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| "Are Streams Created by Attention?" | |
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| Auditory Organization in Music | |
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| Musical Scene Analysis | |
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| Melody | |
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| Coherence of Melodies | |
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| Phenomenal Dependency Based on Timing | |
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| Effects of Melodic Absorption on Perceived Pitch | |
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| Timbre (Cause and Effect) | |
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| Timbre as Cause of Segregation | |
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| The Description of Timbre | |
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| Dimensional Approach to Timbre | |
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| Timbre as the Result of Fusion | |
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| Vertical Coherence and Counterpoint | |
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| Segregation and Masking in Musical Ensembles | |
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| Counterpoint | |
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| Distinctness of Voices | |
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| Spatial Separation | |
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| Counterpoint and Dissonance | |
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| Physical Causes of Dissonance | |
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| How the Control of Roughness Can Be Accomplished | |
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| Polyrhythm | |
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| Polytonality | |
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| Potential Offered by Synthesis Techniques | |
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| Automatic Recognition | |
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| Summary | |
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| Auditory Organization in Speech Perception | |
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| Sequential Organization of Speech Sounds | |
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| Continuity of the Fundamental | |
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| Spectral Continuity | |
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| Spatial Continuity | |
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| Are These Acoustic Continuities Enough? | |
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| Simultaneous Organization | |
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| Role of Harmonic Relations and F0 | |
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| Two- Voice Research | |
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| Split-Formant Research | |
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| Harmonics in Nonoverlapping Frequency Ranges | |
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| Scene Analysis in the Defining of Formants | |
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| Computer Models for Segregation of Two Voices | |
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| Common-Fate Cues | |
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| Summary of Findings with Nonspeech Sounds | |
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| Correlated Frequency Changes | |
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| Frequency Modulation of Harmonics | |
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| Segregation by Independent Movement of Formant Center Frequency? | |
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| Correlated Amplitude Changes | |
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| Sequential Capturing (Onset and Offset Asynchrony) | |
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| Asynchronous Onsets Can Be Integrated | |
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| Spatial Location Cues | |
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| Segregation of Formants | |
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| The Principle of Exclusive Allocation in Scene Analysis | |
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| Claims and Facts about Duplex Perception of Speech | |
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| Problems with the Claim that Speech Is Exempt from Scene Analysis | |
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| When Is Exclusive Allocation Violated? | |
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| Examples Involving Speech | |
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| Multiple Allocation of Evidence with Nonspeech Sounds | |
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| Music | |
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| Violations That Do Not Involve Competition among Major Subsystems | |
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| Violations with Pure-Tone Stimuli | |
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| DPS Is Not Immune from Low-Level Organizational Factors | |
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| Explanations of Violations of Exclusive Allocation | |
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| How Unusual Is the Sharing of Evidence? | |
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| Role of Schemas | |
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| Two-Component Theory: Links and Schemas | |
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| Piecewise Verification of the Theory | |
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| Summary and Conclusions: What We Do and Do Not Know about Auditory Scene Analysis | |
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| Summary of Previous Chapters | |
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| Primitive Auditory Scene Analysis | |
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| Sequential Integration: Auditory Stream Segregation | |
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| Factors Influencing Stream Segregation | |
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| Timbre | |
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| Summary of Factors Promoting Sequential Grouping | |
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| Effects of Stream Segregation | |
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| Spectral Integration | |
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| Factors Influencing Spectral Integration | |
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| The Continuity Illusion and Contralateral Induction | |
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| The "no discontinuity in A" rule. | |
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| The "sufficiency of evidence" rule. | |
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| The "A1-A2 grouping" rule. | |
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| The "A is not B" rule. | |
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| Schema-Based Stream Segregation | |
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| Nature of Primitive and Schema-Based Organization | |
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| Tests of the Existence of a Primitive Process | |
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| Does Sequential Grouping Take Advantage of Trajectories? | |
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| Primitive Auditory Organization in Music | |
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| Role of Primitive Organization in Music | |
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| Melody | |
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| Timbre | |
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| Auditory Organization in Speech | |
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| Sequential Organization of Speech Sounds | |
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| Simultaneous Organization of Speech Sounds | |
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| Duplex Perception and the Problem of Exclusive Allocation | |
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| Directions for the Future | |
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| Practical Applications | |
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| Notes | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |