| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Basic Evolutionary Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| EV: A Simple Evolutionary System | |
| |
| |
| |
| EV on a Simple Fitness Landscape | |
| |
| |
| |
| EV on a More Complex Fitness Landscape | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Systems as Problem Solvers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Historical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Algorithmic Views | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Catalytic 1960s | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Explorative 1970s | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Programming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genetic Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Exploitative 1980s | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimization Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other EA Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Unifying 1990s | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Twenty-first Century: Mature Expansion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Canonical Evolutionary Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| EV(m,n) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Programming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution Strategies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genetic Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multi-parent Reproduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Universal Genetic Codes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Unified View of Simple EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Common Framework | |
| |
| |
| |
| Population Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parent Population Size m | |
| |
| |
| |
| Offspring Population Size n | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Choosing Selection Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Survival Selection: A Special Case | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproductive Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recombination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crossover or Mutation? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representation Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Choosing Effective Reproductive Mechanisms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Algorithms as Problem Solvers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple EAs as Parallel Adaptive Search | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fixed-Length Linear Objects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear Objects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variable-Length Objects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonlinear, Variable-Length Objects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproductive Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Objective Fitness Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Population Sizes and Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Convergence and Stopping Criteria | |
| |
| |
| |
| Returning an Answer | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| EA-based Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| OPT-EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fitness Scaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Convergence and Elitism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Parameter Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phenotypic Representations and Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genotypic Representations and Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Choosing Representations and Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Real-Valued Parameter Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integer-Valued Parameter Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Parameter Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-homogeneous Parameter Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constrained Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Structure Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Variable-Length Data Structures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multi-objective Optimization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| EA-Based Search | |
| |
| |
| |
| EA-Based Machine Learning | |
| |
| |
| |
| EA-Based Automated Programming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representing Programs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Programs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| EA-Based Adaptation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Computation Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analyzing EA Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection-Only Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-overlapping-Generation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uniform (Neutral) Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fitness-Biased Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-overlapping-Generation Models with n [not equal] m | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overlapping-Generation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uniform (Neutral) Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fitness-Biased Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection in Standard EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reducing Selection Sampling Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproduction-Only Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-overlapping-Generation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproduction for Fixed-Length Discrete Linear Genomes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproduction for Other Genome Types | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overlapping-Generation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reproduction Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection and Reproduction Interactions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolvability and Price's Theorem | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection and Discrete Recombination | |
| |
| |
| |
| Discrete Recombination from a Schema Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crossover-Induced Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crossover-Induced Fitness Improvements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection and Other Recombination Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection and Mutation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutation from a Schema Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutation-Induced Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutation-Induced Fitness Improvements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection and Other Mutation Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection and Multiple Reproductive Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Selection, Reproduction, and Population Size | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-overlapping-Generation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overlapping-Generation Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Capturing Important Application Features | |
| |
| |
| |
| Defining Effective Reproduction Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Mutation Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Effective Recombination Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| Landscape Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Models of Canonical EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Infinite Population Models for Simple GAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Expected Value Models of Simple GAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| GA Schema Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Markov Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Markov Models of Finite Population EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Markov Models of Simple GAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Mechanics Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Application-Oriented Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimization-Oriented Theories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Convergence and Rates of Convergence | |
| |
| |
| |
| ESs and Real-Valued Parameter Optimization Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simple EAs and Discrete Optimization Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimizing with Genetic Algorithms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advanced EC Topics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Self-adapting EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptation at EA Design Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptation over Multiple EA Runs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptation during an EA Run | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Landscapes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Standard EAs on Dynamic Landscapes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modified EAs for Dynamic Landscapes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Categorizing Dynamic Landscapes | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Importance of the Rate of Change | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Importance of Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exploiting Parallelism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coarse-Grained Parallel EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fine-Grained Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolving Executable Objects | |
| |
| |
| |
| Representation of Behaviors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multi-objective EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybrid EAs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biologically Inspired Extensions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-random Mating and Speciation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coevolutionary Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| CoEC Architectures | |
| |
| |
| |
| CoEC Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generative Representations and Morphogenesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inclusion of Lamarckian Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agent-Oriented Models | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Road Ahead | |
| |
| |
| |
| Modeling General Evolutionary Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Unification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Source Code Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| EC1: A Very Simple EC System | |
| |
| |
| |
| EC1 Code Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| EC1 Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
| EC2: A More Interesting EC System | |
| |
| |
| |
| EC3: A More Flexible EC System | |
| |
| |
| |
| EC4: An EC Research System | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |