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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Conventions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Prison in Modern History | |
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| National Unity, Moral Education and Social Cohesion | |
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| For a Cultural History of the Prison in China | |
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| The Elusive Voice of the Prisoner | |
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| The Emergence of a Modern Penal System | |
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| The Movement for Prison Reform in the Late Qing (1895-1911) | |
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| Imprisonment in Late Imperial China | |
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| Monuments of Modernity: Foreign Prisons Observed | |
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| The Movement for Prison Reform | |
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| The question of extraterritoriality and China's first 'unequal treaty' | |
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| Legal reform during the late Qing | |
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| Shen Jiaben and the introduction of the custodial sentence | |
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| Ogawa Shigejiro and the spread of penological knowledge | |
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| The Emergence of Training Centres and the First Model Prisons | |
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| The educative mission of training centres | |
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| The emergence of the first model prisons | |
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| Civil Prisons in Early Republican China (1911-27) | |
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| The Ministry of Justice and prison reform | |
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| The new criminal code | |
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| Prison administration and the police | |
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| The Ministry of Justice and prison reform | |
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| The promulgation of prison rules and regulations | |
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| Capital Crimes: Crime and Punishment in Beijing | |
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| Foreign prisoners | |
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| The educative mission of Beijing No. 1 Prison | |
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| The expansion of the prison system in Beijing | |
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| Crime and punishment in Beijing | |
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| Property, sex, crime and imprisonment | |
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| Criminal identification, the problem of recidivism and corporal punishment | |
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| Prison staff and the maltreatment of prisoners | |
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| Death in custody | |
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| Ideal and reality in model prisons | |
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| Prisons under the Beiyang Governments: The Examples of Fengtian and Jiangsu Provinces | |
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| The expansion of new prisons | |
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| Identification and composition of the prisoner population | |
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| Sentencing patterns | |
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| Punishments inside the prison | |
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| Work and vocational training | |
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| Religion and moral instruction | |
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| Prison staff | |
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| Finances and charity | |
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| Escapes and riots | |
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| Drugs | |
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| Prison reform at the county level | |
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| Disease and death | |
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| Capital punishment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Science, Crime and Punishment Under the Guomindang | |
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| The Science of Punishment (1927-49) | |
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| Introduction | |
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| To Secure and Cure: Penal Philosophy in Republic China | |
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| The educative mission of Sun Xiong and Rui Jiarui | |
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| Zhao Chen and the virtues of the single cell | |
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| The progressive stage system and the system of rewards | |
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| The concept of self-government and the use of parole | |
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| Penal discipline as a producer of social responsibility | |
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| Li Jianhua and the example of the Soviet Union | |
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| The Virtues of Industry: Work in the Prison | |
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| Sex in the Prison | |
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| Walls and Bars: The Silent Weight of Prison Architecture | |
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| Wayward Children: Juvenile Correctional Policy | |
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| The Final Punishment: The Debate over the Death Penalty | |
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| The Science of Crime (1927-49) | |
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| 'Homo Criminalis': The Rise of Criminology | |
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| Heredity, Environment and Individual Responsibility in Criminology | |
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| Born Criminals: Eugenics and the Biology of Crime | |
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| The Measurement of Crime: Fieldwork in the Prison | |
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| The Transparency of Crime: Yu Xiuhao and the Science of Criminal Investigation | |
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| The Imprint of Crime: Criminal Identity, Fingerprints and Forensic Medicine | |
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| Criminology and forensic medicine | |
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| Prison Reform Under the Guomindang | |
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| Prison Reform in the Nanjing Decade (1927-37) | |
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| The Ministry of Justice and penal administration under the Guomindang | |
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| The Ministry of Justice | |
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| Prison rules and regulations | |
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| Crime, punishment and judicial statistics | |
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| The expansion of the prison system | |
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| Regional diversity of the prison system | |
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| Life Behind Bars: Prisons during the Nanjing Decade | |
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| Registration and identification of prisoners | |
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| Prison labour | |
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| The reclamation of wasteland | |
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| Education and reformation | |
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| Prison staff | |
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| Overcrowding and the release of prisoners | |
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| Escapes and riots | |
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| Prisoner complaints | |
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| The public image of prisons | |
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| Disease and death | |
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| Political Offenders and the Prison System | |
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| Reformatories for political prisoners | |
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| Political offenders in new prisons | |
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| Prison Reform at the County Level | |
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| Prison reform in Hunan and Zhejiang | |
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| Prison reform associations | |
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| Natural catastrophes and the county gaol | |
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| Escapes | |
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| Ward Road Gaol, Shanghai | |
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| The Municipal Council and Ward Road Gaol | |
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| Remission, overcrowding and the debate over judicial sovereignty | |
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| Life inside Ward Road Gaol | |
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| Foreign prisoners at the Amoy Road Gaol | |
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| The Prison System during the War (1937-49) | |
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| The Destruction of Prisons and the Release of Prisoners | |
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| Death and destruction | |
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| The release of prisoners | |
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| Reconstruction and relocation of prisons | |
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| Prison Reform during the War | |
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| Dearth, disease and death | |
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| The movement for productive labour | |
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| The Red Cross and Prisoners of War | |
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| Convict Colonies and the Reclamation of Wasteland | |
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| Prisons in Occupied China | |
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| Reconstruction after the War | |
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| Expansion and overcrowding | |
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| The Arrival of the Communists | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Modern Prisons | |
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| Rules Governing the Administration of Prisons | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |
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| Character List | |