| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| Note on Coinage, Weights, and Other Technical Terms | |
| |
| |
| |
| At the Origins of the Commercial Revolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commerce in the Byzantine Empire, the Muslim East, and the Catholic West | |
| |
| |
| Commercial Gilds and Control of Trade in Constantinople | |
| |
| |
| Merchants and Commerce in Muslim Syria | |
| |
| |
| The Flow of Merchandise to the Heart of the Muslim World | |
| |
| |
| The Jewish Role in World Trade | |
| |
| |
| The Meeting of East and West in Southern Italy | |
| |
| |
| Traces of International Trade in Southern France | |
| |
| |
| Merchants, Passports, and Customs in the Lombard Hinterland | |
| |
| |
| Commercial Investments and Real Estate of a Venetian Doge | |
| |
| |
| Private Documents of Lombard Italy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Markets, Merchants, Merchandise, and Means of Exchange During the Commercial Revolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Development of Markets | |
| |
| |
| Towns in North Africa and Southern Italy in the Tenth Century | |
| |
| |
| The Permanent Market in Milan in the Tenth Century | |
| |
| |
| Trade in Lombardy Before the Rise of the Communes | |
| |
| |
| The Final Product of the Commercial Revolution: Milan in 1288 | |
| |
| |
| Florence, a Masterpiece of the Commercial Revolution | |
| |
| |
| A North African City at Its Medieval Zenith | |
| |
| |
| Rural Markets and Urban Shopping Centers | |
| |
| |
| Markets and Peddlers in Underdeveloped Areas | |
| |
| |
| Mediterranean Merchants at the International Fairs | |
| |
| |
| Special Buildings for Foreign Traders | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Growth of the Merchant Class | |
| |
| |
| War Spoils and New Types of Traders | |
| |
| |
| The Increasing Importance of the Itinerant Merchant | |
| |
| |
| Commercial Investments of Noblemen | |
| |
| |
| Merchants in Frontier Towns | |
| |
| |
| The Church and the Merchants | |
| |
| |
| Jews and Christians in Trade and Money Lending | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Diversification of Merchandise | |
| |
| |
| Two Hundred and Eighty-eight 'Spices' | |
| |
| |
| Buying and Selling Works of Art | |
| |
| |
| Slave Trade | |
| |
| |
| Trade in Foodstuffs and Its Impact on Agriculture | |
| |
| |
| Raw Materials | |
| |
| |
| Trade in Manufactured Goods | |
| |
| |
| Monopolies and Cartels | |
| |
| |
| The Flow of Merchandise to a Trading City | |
| |
| |
| Statistical Data on the Flow of Merchandise | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Evolution of the Means of Exchange | |
| |
| |
| Survivals of Loans in Kind | |
| |
| |
| Spices Used to Supplement Coins | |
| |
| |
| The Return to the Gold Standard in the West | |
| |
| |
| Hard Currencies, Moneys of Account, and Credit Money | |
| |
| |
| Seasonal Fluctuations in the Money Market | |
| |
| |
| Weights and Measures | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial Contracts and Commercial Investments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loans and the Problem of Interest | |
| |
| |
| A Contract Openly Mentioning Interest | |
| |
| |
| Restitution of Interest | |
| |
| |
| Interest Driven Underground | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Contract of Exchange and Its Double Function | |
| |
| |
| Contracts of Exchange or Loans in Disguise? | |
| |
| |
| An Exchange Transaction Posted in a Ledger | |
| |
| |
| A Standard Contract of Exchange | |
| |
| |
| 'Dry Exchange' Contracts | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Sea Loan and the Sea Exchange | |
| |
| |
| The Straight Sea Loan | |
| |
| |
| The Mating of the Sea Loan with Exchange | |
| |
| |
| 'Dry' Sea Exchange | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Commenda Contract | |
| |
| |
| The Venetian Commenda or Collegantia | |
| |
| |
| The Genoese Commenda and Societas | |
| |
| |
| Other Examples of Commenda | |
| |
| |
| Shares of a Ship Given in Commenda | |
| |
| |
| Commenda Contracts of Humble People | |
| |
| |
| Interchangeability of Investor and Traveling Party | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partnerships and Other Contracts Used in Land Trade | |
| |
| |
| The Venetian Fraterna Compagnia | |
| |
| |
| Societates Terrae Resembling Commenda Contracts | |
| |
| |
| Intermediate Forms of Partnership | |
| |
| |
| The Compagnia Contract in Tuscany | |
| |
| |
| |
| Depositors, Factors, and Commission Agents | |
| |
| |
| Deposit Contracts | |
| |
| |
| Factor and Commission Contracts | |
| |
| |
| |
| Some Other Forms of Agreement | |
| |
| |
| Piracy and War Booty | |
| |
| |
| Special Contracts: Syria and Southern Germany | |
| |
| |
| Trade in Shares of the Funded Public Debt | |
| |
| |
| |
| Informal Commercial Papers | |
| |
| |
| Bills of Exchange | |
| |
| |
| A Notarial Letter of Payment | |
| |
| |
| A Letter of Credit | |
| |
| |
| A Promissory Note | |
| |
| |
| Orders of Payment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Route and the Thorns Along it | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transportation by Sea | |
| |
| |
| Chartering Contracts | |
| |
| |
| A Bill of Lading | |
| |
| |
| Armed Escort for a Merchantman | |
| |
| |
| Freight Charge Canceled on Account of Shipwreck | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transportation by Land | |
| |
| |
| Transportation on the River Po | |
| |
| |
| Land Transportation: Carriers and Invoice Letters | |
| |
| |
| A Case In Comparative Costs | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Development of Insurance Contracts | |
| |
| |
| 'Rent' Insurance and 'Loan' Insurance | |
| |
| |
| More Mature Forms of Insurance Contracts | |
| |
| |
| An Insurance Claim | |
| |
| |
| Insurance as a Regular Business | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial Litigation and Sharp Business Practices | |
| |
| |
| Litigation over Transport Contracts | |
| |
| |
| Litigation over the Quality of Merchandise | |
| |
| |
| Loan Sharks at Work | |
| |
| |
| Canon Law as a Pretext for Breaking Contracts | |
| |
| |
| Protests Concerning Unpaid Debts | |
| |
| |
| A Controversy over the Accounting of a Commenda | |
| |
| |
| A Journey to Delhi and Its Legal Aftermath | |
| |
| |
| |
| Business Failures and Their Settlement | |
| |
| |
| Procedures for Settling Bankruptcies | |
| |
| |
| Joint Liability: the Ruin of a Great Merchant Company | |
| |
| |
| |
| International Disputes over Trade | |
| |
| |
| Strains between East and West | |
| |
| |
| Seeking Justice in Cyprus | |
| |
| |
| England: Fruitless Good Will, Efficient Bad Will | |
| |
| |
| Northern Italy Protects Foreign Merchants | |
| |
| |
| Genoa Applies Sanctions Against Persia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Legal Restrictions of Trade | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tools and Ideas | |
| |
| |
| |
| Manuals | |
| |
| |
| Practical Arithmetic | |
| |
| |
| Practical Geography | |
| |
| |
| Practical Philology | |
| |
| |
| Advice for Buyers | |
| |
| |
| Traveling to China | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Progress of Accounting Methods | |
| |
| |
| Early Bookkeeping Methods | |
| |
| |
| A Final Balance Sheet | |
| |
| |
| Double-Entry Bookkeeping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial Correspondence | |
| |
| |
| Notarized Letters and Informal Notes | |
| |
| |
| Letters of Instruction | |
| |
| |
| The Lures of Exploration | |
| |
| |
| Solidarity of Muslim and Christian Merchants | |
| |
| |
| Reports from the Fairs of Champagne | |
| |
| |
| The Many Troubles of a Moneylender | |
| |
| |
| News from Genoa | |
| |
| |
| News from Bruges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Moral Standards and Practical Advice | |
| |
| |
| Rules for Succeeding in Business | |
| |
| |
| Oath of the Money Changers | |
| |
| |
| God's Credit Entry | |
| |
| |
| Down-to-Earth Advice from Florence | |
| |
| |
| This above all ... | |
| |
| |
| List of Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| Bibliography | |
| |
| |
| Index | |