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| List of Tables | |
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| List of Figures | |
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| Preface | |
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| The Use of Terms and Data | |
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| Social Policy: an Introduction | |
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| The Policies That Concern Us | |
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| Policy Defined | |
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| Policymaking: The Role of the Legislative, Judicial, and Executive Branches of Government and the Power of the Public to Make Policy | |
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| Creating Statutes | |
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| Executive and Judiciary Branches | |
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| The Public-at-Large | |
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| Social Policy and Social Values | |
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| Social Values and Benefit-Conferring Policies | |
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| Selective and Universal Programs | |
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| Social Values and Civil Rights Policies | |
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| The Limits of Social Policy | |
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| Attainable and Unattainable Goals | |
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| Goals and Workable Interventions | |
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| Unintended Consequences | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Workers and Social Policy: the Historical Context | |
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| Poverty in the Nineteenth Century | |
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| Benevolent Societies, the Charity Organization Movement, and the Friendly Visitor | |
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| The Progressive Era and Social Reform | |
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| Settlement Houses, the Progressive Era, and Social Reform | |
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| Settlement Houses and African Americans | |
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| Reform Through Legislation and the Courts | |
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| Dorothea Dix and the Care of the Insane | |
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| State Level Efforts | |
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| The Juvenile Court | |
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| The Beginning of Federal Involvement in Social Welfare | |
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| The End of the Settlement House Movement | |
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| The Emerging Profession of Social Work | |
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| The Schools of Social Work | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Work and Social Policy: The Present Context | |
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| The Organization of Social Services | |
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| Public Agencies | |
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| Not-for-Profit Agencies | |
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| For-Profit Entities | |
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| Privatization | |
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| Privatization: Pro and Con | |
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| Forms of Privatization and Services Privatized | |
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| Policy and Practice | |
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| Professional Certification and Licensing | |
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| Confidentiality | |
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| Federal Statutes and Client Confidentiality | |
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| Disclosure of Confidential Information | |
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| Duty to Warn | |
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| Social Worker Liability and the Doctrine of Qualified Immunity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Welfare Policy in the Colonies and Early Nineteenth Century and the Discriminatory Treatment of Racial Minorities | |
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| Colonial America | |
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| The English Poor Law of 1601 | |
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| American Revolution | |
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| Slavery | |
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| The Nineteenth Century | |
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| Abolition | |
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| Civil War | |
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| Reconstruction | |
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| Reconstruction Civil Rights Statutes | |
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| The Supreme Court | |
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| Immigration from China | |
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| Immigration from Japan | |
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| Internment of Japanese People | |
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| Citizenship | |
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| The Alien Land Law | |
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| Land Acquisition by the United States | |
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| Native Americans | |
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| Tribal Government | |
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| Summary | |
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| Issues, Problems, and Agenda Setting | |
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| Agenda Setting | |
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| The Media and Agenda Setting | |
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| Agenda Setting and the Use of Symbolic Devices | |
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| Stories | |
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| Metaphors and Numbers | |
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| The Resolution | |
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| Agenda Setting and Windows of Opportunity | |
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| Media Agenda Setting and Worthy Causes | |
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| Legislative Agenda Setting | |
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| Minority Agenda Setting | |
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| Minority Agenda Setting and the Voting Rights Act | |
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| Agenda Setting by the Executive Branch | |
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| The Public Role in Agenda Setting | |
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| Agenda Setting--The Courts | |
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| The Hierarchy of Courts | |
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| District Court Agenda Setting | |
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| Supreme Court Agenda Setting | |
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| Legalistic Concerns | |
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| Strategic Concerns | |
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| Summary | |
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| Policymaking | |
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| The Legislative Process | |
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| Introducing Legislation | |
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| Influences on Policymaking | |
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| Special Interest Groups | |
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| Think Tanks | |
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| Lobbying and Individual Action | |
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| The Executive Branch | |
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| Administrative Agencies and Administrative Law | |
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| The Delegation Doctrine | |
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| The Administrative Procedures Act | |
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| Judicial Review | |
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| Executive Orders | |
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| Authority for the Use of Executive Orders | |
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| Conditions for Use of the Executive Order | |
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| Ending Executive Orders | |
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| Policymaking by the Public-at-Large | |
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| Policymaking by the Judiciary | |
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| Sources of Judicial Authority | |
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| Institutional Reform Through Use of the Remedial Decree | |
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| Common Law Policymaking | |
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| Constitutional Interpretation | |
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| Changing Legal Precedent | |
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| Statutory Interpretation | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Federal Budget Process | |
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| Revenue Sources and Outlays | |
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| Sources of Funding for Social Policy and Programs | |
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| The Social Security Trust Fund | |
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| Financing Programs Through Federal and State Revenues | |
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| Funding for Civil Rights Legislation | |
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| Funding for Judicial Reform | |
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| The Budget Process: The Role of the Executive Branch | |
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| The Budget Process: The Role of Congress | |
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| Presidential Action | |
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| Budget Execution and Audit and Control | |
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| Federal Expenditures and the Federal Deficit | |
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| Balancing the Budget | |
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| Amending the Constitution to Achieve a Balanced Budget | |
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| The Line-Item Veto | |
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| Statutory Means to Reduce the Deficit | |
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| Summary | |
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| Poverty | |
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| Defining Poverty | |
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| Gathering Data to Determine How Many People Are Poor | |
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| Do Poverty Data Accurately Measure Poverty? | |
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| An Alternative Approach to Measuring Poverty | |
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| The Effect of Different Measures on Poverty Statistics | |
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| Census Bureau Definitions | |
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| Poverty Threshold and Number and Characteristics of People in Poverty | |
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| Education and Income | |
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| Family and Household Income | |
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| Income, Poverty, and Labor Force Participation | |
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| Race as a Factor | |
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| Family Workforce Participation as a Factor | |
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| Children in the Family | |
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| Job Loss and Poverty | |
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| Theories of Poverty | |
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| Culture of Poverty | |
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| Structural Poverty | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Insurance | |
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| The Depression and the Role of the Federal Government | |
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| The Selling of Social Security | |
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| The Social Security Act | |
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| Title II: Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance | |
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| Source of Revenues and the Trust Funds | |
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| Benefits Are Progressive | |
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| Retirement Age, Continued Work, and Benefits | |
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| Taxation of Benefits | |
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| Social Security Benefits for Noncitizens | |
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| Disability | |
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| Periodic Review | |
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| Waiting Period | |
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| Incentives to Work | |
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| Status of the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Trust Funds | |
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| Problems in the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance System | |
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| Fixing the Problem | |
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| Unemployment Insurance: Basic Program Definition and Operation | |
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| Covered Workers and Beneficiaries | |
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| The Ready, Willing, and Able to Work Requirement | |
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| Exhausting Benefits | |
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| Problems in the Unemployment Insurance Program | |
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| Workers' Compensation | |
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| Earned Income Tax Credit | |
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| Summary | |
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| Programs of Public Assistance | |
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| Aid to Dependent Children and Efforts to Control Caseload Size | |
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| Welfare Reform and the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program | |
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| Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Compared to Aid to Families with Dependent Children | |
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| Goals of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program | |
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| Program Operation | |
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| Participation in Work | |
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| Benefit Levels | |
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| State Discretion in Program Operation | |
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| Applying for Benefits | |
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| Strategies to Reduce Applications for Assistance-Diversion Programs | |
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| Strategies to Hasten a Family's Movement into the Workforce: Work First Programs | |
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| Incentive to Work | |
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| Welfare-to-Work Grants | |
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| Child Care and Development Block Grant | |
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| The Effects of Welfare Reform: What Do We Know? | |
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| Section 1115 Waiver Programs | |
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| Families Who Leave Welfare and Find Work | |
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| Issues in the Implementation of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families | |
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| Supplemental Security Income | |
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| Characteristics of Recipients | |
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| Recipients and Eligibility Rules | |
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| Evaluation Process | |
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| Disability in Children | |
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| Continuing Disability Reviews | |
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| Supplemental Security Income, Medicaid, and Food Stamps | |
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| Incentives to Work | |
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| General Assistance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Food and Housing | |
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| Food Programs | |
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| Hunger in America | |
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| The Federal Response to Hunger | |
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| The Food Stamp program | |
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| Number of Recipients and Declining Caseloads | |
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| Food Stamp Eligibility and Characteristics of Recipients | |
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| Food Stamps and Noncitizens | |
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| Food Stamp Benefit Level | |
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| Using Stamps | |
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| Participation in the Food Stamp and Other Programs | |
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| Food Stamp Work Requirements | |
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| Fraud and Abuse | |
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| Emergency Food Assistance Program | |
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| School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs | |
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| Child and Adult Care Food Program | |
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| Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children | |
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| Food for the Elderly | |
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| Housing | |
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| Housing Programs | |
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| The Home Investment Partnership Program | |
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| Federally Supported Home Ownership for Low-Income Families | |
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| Housing for the Frail Elderly and for People with Disabilities | |
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| Project-Based Housing and Rent Subsidies | |
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| Rental Subsidies | |
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| Housing Assistance for the Homeless | |
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| The Emergency Shelter Grant Program | |
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| The Single-Room Occupancy (SRO) Rehabilitation Program | |
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| Shelter Plus Care Program | |
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| Supportive Housing Program | |
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| Homeless Youth | |
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| Housing Opportunities for People with AIDS | |
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| Housing Assistance for Native Americans | |
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| Community Development | |
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| Shelters for Battered Women | |
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| Social Services and Housing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Health Policy | |
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| Medicare, Medicaid, and Children's Health Insurance | |
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| Medicare | |
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| Benefits | |
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| Services and Provider | |
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| Medicare Plus Choice Provider Plans | |
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| Medigap Insurance | |
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| Medicaid | |
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| Eligibility | |
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| Medicaid Reimbursement Rates | |
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| Services Provided | |
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| Long-Term Nursing Home Care | |
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| Children's Health | |
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| Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic and Treatment Program | |
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| State Children's Health Insurance Program | |
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| Newborn and Mother's Health Protection Act of 1996 | |
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| Other Policies Affecting Health | |
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| Title X Family Planning | |
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| The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act | |
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| The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act | |
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| Indian Health Services | |
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| Patient Self-Determination Act | |
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| Civil Rights Policies and Access to Medical Care | |
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| Continuing Private Health Care Coverage | |
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| Mental Health Parity Act | |
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| Health Care Reform | |
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| Solvency | |
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| The Uninsured | |
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| The Aging of the American Population | |
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| Medical Technology and Health Care Costs | |
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| Managed Care | |
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| Regulation of Managed Care Programs | |
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| Health Care Options | |
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| Managed Competition | |
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| Single-Payer Systems | |
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| The Oregon Health Plan | |
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| Summary | |
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| Civil Rights | |
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| Events Leading Up to Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 | |
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| Congressional Authority to Enact Civil Rights Legislation | |
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| The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | |
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| Employment | |
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| Advancement Within a Firm | |
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| Affirmative Action | |
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| Justification for Affirmative Action--Compensation or Diversity? | |
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| What Kind of Affirmative Action Programs Are Legally Permissible? | |
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| Class-Based Affirmative Action | |
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| Sexual Orientation and Affirmative Action | |
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| Sexual Harassment | |
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| Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972 | |
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| The Vocational Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act | |
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| Access to Services | |
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| Age Discrimination in Employment Act | |
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| Equal Pay Act | |
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| The Fair Housing Act | |
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| Summary | |
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| Social Services | |
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| Title XX Social Services Block Grant | |
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| Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act | |
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| CARE Act Emergency Relief Grant Program | |
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| CARE Act Grants | |
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| CARE Act Early Intervention Services | |
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| Grants for Coordinated Services and Access to Research for Women, Infants, Children, and Youth | |
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| Special Project of National Significance | |
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| Use of CARE Act Funds | |
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| Mental Health and Substance Abuse | |
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| The Mental Health Problem | |
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| Deinstitutionalization | |
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| The Center for Mental Health Services | |
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| Mental Health Services and Managed Care | |
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| Mental Health Services for Children | |
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| Mental Health Advocacy | |
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| Substance Abuse | |
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| Special Services for Women | |
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| Domestic Violence and the Violence Against Women Act | |
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| Programs for the Elderly | |
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| The Older Americans Act | |
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| Summary | |
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| Child Welfare | |
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| The Courts and Child Welfare | |
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| The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act | |
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| The Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act | |
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| Entry into Foster Care | |
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| The Goals of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act and Protections for Children and Parents | |
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| Case Reviews | |
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| Adoption | |
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| Adoption Subsidies | |
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| Transracial Adoptions | |
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| The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 | |
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| Model Adoption Laws | |
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| The Independent Living Initiatives | |
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| Abandoned Babies Assistance Act | |
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| The Indian Child Welfare Act | |
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| Data on Children Receiving Child Welfare Services | |
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| The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program, Foster Care, and Child Support | |
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| Child Support Enforcement | |
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| Support Payments Are Unlikely to Prevent the Need for Foster Care | |
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| Summary | |
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| Education | |
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| Head Start | |
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| Children Served | |
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| Services Provided | |
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| Effectiveness of Head Start | |
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| The Migrant Education Program and Migrant Head Start | |
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| Elementary and Secondary Education Act | |
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| Education Language Proficiency | |
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| Homeless Children and the Stewart B. McKinney Act | |
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| The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act | |
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| Definition of Disability | |
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| State Plans Required | |
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| Free Appropriate Public Education and the Individualized Education Plans | |
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| Development of the Individualized Education Plan | |
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| Related Services | |
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| Education in Public, Private, and Residential Settings | |
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| Mainstreaming | |
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| Procedural Safeguards | |
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| Special Grant Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Scholarly Interest in the Subject of Implementation | |
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| The Legislative Role in Implmentation | |
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| Funding | |
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| Limiting the Use of Funds to Achieve Political Ends | |
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| Statutory Language | |
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| System for Monitoring Implementation and Ongoing Practice | |
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| Senate Approval of Officials to Head Executive Agencies | |
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| The Right to Sue | |
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| Role of Administrative Agencies in Implementation | |
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| Role of the Courts in Implementation | |
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| Role of Program Administrators and Program Staff in Implementation | |
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| Communication | |
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| Summary | |
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| Policy Practice | |
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| Why Engage in Policy Practice? | |
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| The Tasks That Define Policy Practice | |
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| Understanding the Legislative Process | |
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| Learning About the Subject Matter of a Bill | |
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| Advocacy | |
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| Agenda Setting | |
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| Assessing the Feasibility of Change | |
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| Policy Analysis | |
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| Testifying | |
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| Lobbying | |
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| Public Demonstrations | |
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| Policy Impact | |
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| Summary | |
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| Guide to On-Line Research | |
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| Notes | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |