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List of Tables and Figures | |
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Preface | |
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Acknowledgements | |
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Introduction | |
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The rise and rise of consumer credit | |
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Consumer credit defined | |
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Boon or bane? | |
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Working with credit | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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Products and Providers | |
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The features of credit agreements | |
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The cost of credit | |
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Credit products | |
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Mortgages | |
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Personal loans (installment loans) | |
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Retail credit (retail loans) | |
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Hire-purchase | |
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Card accounts | |
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Charge accounts | |
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Revolving loans | |
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Mail order catalogue accounts | |
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Overdrafts | |
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Pawning (pledging) | |
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Payday loans and cheque cashing services | |
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Productive and consumptive credit | |
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Prime and sub-prime (mainstream and non-mainstream) lending | |
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Credit products permitted under Islamic (Shari'ah) law | |
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Credit providers | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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The History of Credit | |
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Ancient origins | |
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The Greek experience | |
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The Romans | |
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The early Church to late middle ages | |
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The Reformation | |
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A modern philosophy of credit | |
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From Victorian necessity to the First World War | |
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Between the wars | |
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The modern age | |
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The impact of technology | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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Ethics in Lending | |
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The role of ethics in financial services | |
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Ethics-a theoretical overview | |
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Utilitarianism | |
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Kant's ethical theory | |
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Higher moral authority | |
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Natural law, virtue and human rights | |
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Ethics in practice | |
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The charging of interest | |
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Interest or usury? | |
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Jeremy Bentham's 'Defense of Usury' | |
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The principle of reasonable return | |
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A right to credit? | |
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The use of personal information in credit granting decisions | |
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Over-indebtedness and responsible lending | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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Legislation and Consumer Rights | |
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The Consumer Credit Acts 1974 and 2006 (UK) | |
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Credit license | |
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Requirements for a legally binding credit agreement | |
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The right to cancel (right of rescission) | |
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Advertising | |
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Credit tokens | |
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Early settlement | |
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Charges for delinquency | |
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Court action to recover debt | |
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Respossession of goods under hire-purchase and conditional sale agreements | |
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The Enterprise Act 2002 and bankruptcy (UK) | |
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The road to bankruptcy | |
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After a bankruptcy order has been granted | |
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Individual Voluntary Agreements (IVA) | |
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The Data Protection Act 1998 (UK) | |
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The right of subject access | |
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Data controllers and data processors | |
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The right to prevent direct marketing | |
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Automated decision making | |
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The Consumer Credit Protection Act 1968 (US) | |
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The Truth in Lending Act 1968 | |
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Garnishment restrictions | |
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The Fair Credit Reporting Act 1970 | |
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The Equal Credit Opportunity Act 1974 | |
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The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 1977 | |
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The Electronic Funds Transfer Act | |
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The Federal Bankruptcy Code 1978 (US) | |
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Chapter 7 bankruptcy | |
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Chapter 13 bankruptcy | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Recommended sources of further information | |
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The Economics of Credit and its Marketing | |
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Sources of income | |
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Arrangement and account management fees | |
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Interest charges | |
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Transaction fees | |
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Late payment fees, penalty charges and early redemption fees | |
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Insurance | |
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Merchant and interchange fees | |
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The costs of providing credit | |
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Infrastructure and overheads | |
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Cost of funds | |
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Bad debt and write-off (charge-off) | |
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Fraud | |
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Provision (and impairment charges) | |
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Advertising and promotion | |
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The special case of mail order catalogues | |
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Offers and incentives | |
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Retention and attrition | |
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Cross-selling and up-selling | |
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Capital requirements | |
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What is capital? | |
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Assets, risk and risk weighted assets | |
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The Capital Ratio | |
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The standardized approach | |
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IRB approaches | |
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Securitization | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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Credit Granting Decisions | |
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The creditworthy customer | |
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The application for credit | |
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Judgemental decision making | |
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Credit scoring | |
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Using the score to make decisions | |
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Choosing the outcome period | |
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Comparing judgemental lending and credit scoring | |
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The case against credit scoring | |
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Enhancing credit scoring systems with judgemental decision rules (policy rules) | |
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Organizational policy | |
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Data sufficiency | |
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Expert knowledge | |
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Legal requirements | |
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Pricing for risk | |
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Credit scoring models of profitability | |
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Behavioural scoring | |
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The impact of credit scoring | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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Credit Reference Agencies | |
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The history of credit reference agencies | |
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Information held by credit reference agencies | |
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Public information | |
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Court judgements, bankruptcies and repossessions | |
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The Electoral (Voters) Roll | |
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Private information | |
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Shared customer account data | |
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Credit searches | |
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Credit Industry Fraud Avoidance Scheme (CIFAS) | |
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Gone Away Information Network (GAIN) | |
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Notice of correction | |
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Derived information | |
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Geo-demographic and socio-economic data | |
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Credit scores | |
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Performing a credit search: matching applicant and credit reference data | |
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No trace cases | |
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Previous addresses, linked addresses and joint applications | |
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Third party data | |
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US credit reference agencies | |
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Other national situations | |
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The role of credit reference agencies in credit granting decisions | |
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Using credit reference data to re-evaluate existing customers | |
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Infrastructure requirements for credit reference agency operation | |
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The myth of complexity | |
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Secondary uses of credit reference data | |
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The impact of credit reference agencies | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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Credit Management | |
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Recruitment | |
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The credit granting decision process | |
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Setting the terms of business | |
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Shadow limits | |
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Application fraud | |
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Account management | |
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Account cycling and statement production | |
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Transaction authorization and transaction fraud | |
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Customer or account level management? | |
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Collections | |
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Collections strategies | |
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Designing collections strategies and action paths | |
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Debt recovery | |
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Write-off, debt sale and legal action | |
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The business functions responsible for credit management | |
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Marketing | |
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Credit | |
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Operations | |
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IT | |
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Legal, and accounting and finance | |
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Chapter summary | |
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Suggested sources of further information | |
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The Calculation of Interest and APR | |
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Simple and compound interest | |
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Calculating interest for fixed term amortizing loans and mortgages | |
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Calculating interest for credit cards | |
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Calculating APR | |
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Example interest and APR calculations | |
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Notes | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |