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| A Note to Students | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Research and Writing: From Planning to Production | |
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| Overview of Part I | |
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| What Research Is and How Researchers Think about It | |
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| How Researchers Think about Their Aims | |
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| Three Kinds of Questions That Researchers Ask | |
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| Moving from a Topic to a Question to a Working Hypothesis | |
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| Find a Question in Your Topic | |
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| Propose Some Working Answers | |
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| Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work | |
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| Organize a Writing Support Group | |
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| Finding Useful Sources | |
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| Understand the Kinds of Sources Readers Expect You to Use | |
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| Record Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately | |
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| Search for Sources Systematically | |
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| Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability | |
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| Look beyond the Usual Kinds of References | |
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| Engaging Sources | |
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| Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage and Evaluate | |
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| Take Notes Systematically | |
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| Take Useful Notes | |
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| Write as You Read | |
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| Review Your Progress | |
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| Manage Moments of Normal Panic | |
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| Planning Your Argument | |
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| What a Research Argument Is and Is Not | |
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| Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers' Questions | |
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| Turn Your Working Hypothesis into a Claim | |
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| Assemble the Elements of Your Argument | |
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| Distinguish Arguments Based on Evidence from Arguments Based on Warrants | |
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| Assemble an Argument | |
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| Planning a First Draft | |
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| Avoid Unhelpful Plans | |
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| Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers' Needs | |
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| File Away Leftovers | |
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| Drafting Your Report | |
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| Draft in the Way That Feels Most Comfortable | |
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| Develop Productive Drafting Habits | |
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| Use Your Key Terms to Keep Yourself on Track | |
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| Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately | |
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| Integrate Quotations into Your Text | |
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| Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously | |
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| Interpret Complex or Detailed Evidence before You Offer It | |
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| Be Open to Surprises | |
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| Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism | |
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| Guard against Inappropriate Assistance | |
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| Work through Chronic Procrastination and Writer's Block | |
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| Presenting Evidence in Tables and Figures | |
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| Choose Verbal or Visual Representations | |
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| Choose the Most Effective Graphic | |
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| Design Tables and Figures | |
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| Communicate Data Ethically | |
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| Revising Your Draft | |
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| Check Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Claim | |
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| Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent | |
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| Check Your Paragraphs | |
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| Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It | |
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| Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion | |
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| Draft Your Final Introduction | |
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| Draft Your Final Conclusion | |
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| Write Your Title Last | |
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| Revising Sentences | |
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| Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence | |
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| Diagnose What You Read | |
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| Choose the Right Word | |
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| Polish It Off | |
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| Give It Up and Print It Out | |
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| Learning from Your Returned Paper | |
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| Find General Principles in Specific Comments | |
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| Talk to Your Instructor | |
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| Presenting Research in Alternative Forums | |
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| Plan Your Oral Presentation | |
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| Design Your Presentation to Be Listened To | |
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| Plan Your Poster Presentation | |
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| Plan Your Conference Proposal | |
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| On the Spirit of Research | |
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| Source Citation | |
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| General Introduction to Citation Practices | |
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| Reasons for Citing Your Sources | |
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| The Requirements of Citation | |
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| Two Citation Styles | |
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| Citation of Electronic Sources | |
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| Preparation of Citations | |
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| A Word on Citation Software | |
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| Notes-Bibliography Style: The Basic Form | |
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| Basic Patterns | |
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| Bibliographies | |
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| Notes | |
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| Short Forms for Notes | |
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| Notes-Bibliography Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources | |
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| Books | |
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| Journal Articles | |
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| Magazine Articles | |
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| Newspaper Articles | |
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| Additional Types of Published Sources | |
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| Unpublished Sources | |
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| Informally Published Electronic Sources | |
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| Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts | |
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| Public Documents | |
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| One Source Quoted in Another | |
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| Parenthetical Citations-Reference List Style: The Basic Form | |
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| Basic Patterns | |
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| Reference Lists | |
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| Parenthetical Citations | |
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| Parenthetical Citations-Reference List Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources | |
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| Books | |
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| Journal Articles | |
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| Magazine Articles | |
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| Newspaper Articles | |
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| Additional Types of Published Sources | |
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| Unpublished Sources | |
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| Informally Published Electronic Sources | |
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| Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts | |
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| Public Documents | |
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| One Source Quoted in Another | |
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| Style | |
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| Spelling | |
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| Plurals | |
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| Possessives | |
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| Compounds and Words Formed with Prefixes | |
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| Line Breaks | |
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| Punctuation | |
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| Period | |
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| Comma | |
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| Semicolon | |
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| Colon | |
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| Question Mark | |
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| Exclamation Point | |
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| Hyphen and Dashes | |
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| Parentheses and Brackets | |
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| Slashes | |
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| Quotation Marks | |
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| Multiple Punctuation Marks | |
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| Names, Special Terms, and Titles of Works | |
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| Names | |
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| Special Terms | |
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| Titles of Works | |
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| Numbers | |
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| Words or Numerals? | |
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| Plurals and Punctuation | |
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| Date Systems | |
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| Numbers Used outside the Text | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| General Principles | |
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| Names and Titles | |
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| Geographical Terms | |
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| Time and Dates | |
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| Units of Measure | |
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| The Bible and Other Sacred Works | |
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| Abbreviations in Citations and Other Scholarly Contexts | |
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| Quotations | |
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| Quoting Accurately and Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Incorporating Quotations into Your Text | |
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| Modifying Quotations | |
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| Tables and Figures | |
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| General Issues | |
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| Tables | |
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| Figures | |
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| Paper Format and Submission | |
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| General Format Requirements | |
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| Format Requirements for Specific Elements | |
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| Submission Requirements | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Authors | |
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| Index | |