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A Note to Students | |
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Preface | |
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Research and Writing: From Planning to Production | |
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Overview of Part I | |
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What Research Is and How Researchers Think about It | |
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How Researchers Think about Their Aims | |
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Three Kinds of Questions That Researchers Ask | |
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Moving from a Topic to a Question to a Working Hypothesis | |
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Find a Question in Your Topic | |
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Propose Some Working Answers | |
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Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work | |
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Organize a Writing Support Group | |
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Finding Useful Sources | |
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Understand the Kinds of Sources Readers Expect You to Use | |
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Record Your Sources Fully, Accurately, and Appropriately | |
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Search for Sources Systematically | |
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Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability | |
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Look beyond the Usual Kinds of References | |
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Engaging Sources | |
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Read Generously to Understand, Then Critically to Engage and Evaluate | |
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Take Notes Systematically | |
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Take Useful Notes | |
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Write as You Read | |
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Review Your Progress | |
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Manage Moments of Normal Panic | |
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Planning Your Argument | |
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What a Research Argument Is and Is Not | |
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Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers' Questions | |
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Turn Your Working Hypothesis into a Claim | |
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Assemble the Elements of Your Argument | |
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Distinguish Arguments Based on Evidence from Arguments Based on Warrants | |
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Assemble an Argument | |
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Planning a First Draft | |
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Avoid Unhelpful Plans | |
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Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers' Needs | |
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File Away Leftovers | |
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Drafting Your Report | |
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Draft in the Way That Feels Most Comfortable | |
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Develop Productive Drafting Habits | |
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Use Your Key Terms to Keep Yourself on Track | |
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Quote, Paraphrase, and Summarize Appropriately | |
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Integrate Quotations into Your Text | |
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Use Footnotes and Endnotes Judiciously | |
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Interpret Complex or Detailed Evidence Before You Offer It | |
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Be Open to Surprises | |
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Guard against Inadvertent Plagiarism | |
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Guard against Inappropriate Assistance | |
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Work Through Chronic Procrastination and Writer's Block | |
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Presenting Evidence in Tables and Figures | |
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Choose Verbal or Visual Representations | |
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Choose the Most Effective Graphic | |
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Design Tables and Figures | |
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Communicate Data Ethically | |
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Revising Your Draft | |
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Check for Blind Spots in Your Argument | |
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Check Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Claim | |
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Make Sure the Body of Your Report Is Coherent | |
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Check Your Paragraphs | |
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Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It | |
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Writing Your Final Introduction and Conclusion | |
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Draft Your Final Introduction | |
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Draft Your Final Conclusion | |
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Write Your Title Last | |
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Revising Sentences | |
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Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence | |
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Diagnose What You Read | |
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Choose the Right Word | |
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Polish It Up | |
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Give It Up and Print It Out | |
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Learning from Your Returned Paper | |
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Find General Principles in Specific Comments | |
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Talk to Your Instructor | |
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Presenting Research in Alternative Forums | |
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Plan Your Oral Presentation | |
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Design Your Presentation to Be Listened To | |
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Plan Your Poster Presentation | |
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Plan Your Conference Proposal | |
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On the Spirit of Research | |
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Source Citation | |
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General Introduction to Citation Practices | |
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Reasons for Citing Your Sources | |
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The Requirements of Citation | |
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Two Citation Styles | |
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Electronic Sources | |
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Preparation of Citations | |
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Citation Management Software | |
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Notes-Bibliography Style: The Basic Form | |
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Basic Patterns | |
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Bibliographies | |
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Notes | |
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Short Forms for Notes | |
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Motes-Bibliography Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources | |
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Books | |
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Journal Articles | |
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Magazine Articles | |
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Newspaper Articles | |
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Additional Types of Published Sources | |
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Unpublished Sources | |
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Websites, Blogs, Social Networks, and Discussion Groups | |
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Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts | |
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Public Documents | |
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One Source Quoted in Another | |
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Author-Date Style: The Basic Form | |
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Basic Patterns | |
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Reference Lists | |
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Parenthetical Citations | |
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Author-Date Style: Citing Specific Types of Sources | |
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Books | |
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Journal Articles | |
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Magazine Articles | |
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Newspaper Articles | |
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Additional Types of Published Sources | |
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Unpublished Sources | |
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Websites, Blogs, Social Networks, and Discussion Groups | |
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Sources in the Visual and Performing Arts | |
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Public Documents | |
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One Source Quoted in Another | |
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Style | |
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Spelling | |
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Plurals | |
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Possessives | |
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Compounds and Words Formed with Prefixes | |
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Line Breaks | |
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Punctuation | |
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Periods | |
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Commas | |
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Semicolons | |
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Colons | |
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Question Marks | |
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Exclamation Points | |
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Hyphens and Dashes | |
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Parentheses and Brackets | |
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Slashes | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Apostrophes | |
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Multiple Punctuation Marks | |
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Names, Special Terms, and Titles of Works | |
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Names | |
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Special Terms | |
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Titles of Works | |
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Numbers | |
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Words or Numerals? | |
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Plurals and Punctuation | |
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Date Systems | |
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Numbers Used outside the Text | |
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Abbreviations | |
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General Principles | |
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Names and Titles | |
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Geographical Terms | |
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Time and Dates | |
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Units of Measure | |
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The Bible and Other Sacred Works | |
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Abbreviations in Citations and Other Scholarly Contexts | |
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Quotations | |
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Quoting Accurately and Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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Incorporating Quotations into Your Text | |
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Modifying Quotations | |
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Tables and Figures | |
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General Issues | |
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Tables | |
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Figures | |
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Appendix: Paper Format and Submission | |
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General Format Requirements | |
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Format Requirements for Specific Elements | |
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File Preparation and Submission Requirements | |
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Bibliography | |
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Authors | |
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Index | |