| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research | |
| |
| |
| |
| Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motivation and Behavior | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Development and Socialization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychological Disorders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Perception and Social Cognition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Interaction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights | |
| |
| |
| |
| Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? | |
| |
| |
| Basic Definitions | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Traditionalism | |
| |
| |
| Empirical Examination of Culture | |
| |
| |
| Collectivism and Individualism: Further Research | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Syndromes | |
| |
| |
| Evolutionary Approach | |
| |
| |
| Sociological Approach | |
| |
| |
| Ecocultural Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Cultural Mixtures Approach | |
| |
| |
| The Integrative Approach: A Summary | |
| |
| |
| Indigenous Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Ethnocentrism | |
| |
| |
| Multiculturalism | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of the Field | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methodology of Cross-Cultural Research | |
| |
| |
| Goals of Cross-Cultural Research | |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Research in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Approach: Measurement Scales | |
| |
| |
| Quantitative Approach: Looking for Links and Differences | |
| |
| |
| Qualitative Approach in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Major Steps for Preparation of a Cross-Cultural Study | |
| |
| |
| Sample Selection | |
| |
| |
| Observation in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| Survey Methods | |
| |
| |
| Experimental Studies | |
| |
| |
| Content-Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Focus-Group Methodology | |
| |
| |
| Meta-Analysis: Research of Research | |
| |
| |
| A Hidden Obstacle of Cross-Cultural Studies: Test Translation | |
| |
| |
| Comparing Two Phenomena: Some Important Principles | |
| |
| |
| On Similarities and Differences: Some Critical Thinking Applications | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Dichotomies | |
| |
| |
| Avoiding Bias of Generalizations | |
| |
| |
| Know More about Cultures You Examine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Critical Thinking in Cross-Cultural Psychology | |
| |
| |
| The Evaluative Bias of Language: to Describe Is to Prescribe | |
| |
| |
| Differentiating Dichotomous Variables and Continuous Variables: Black and White, or Shades of Gray? | |
| |
| |
| The Similarity-Uniqueness Paradox: All Phenomena Are Both Similar and Different | |
| |
| |
| The Barnum Effect: �One-Size-Fits-All� Descriptions | |
| |
| |
| The Assimilation Bias: Viewing the World through Schema-Colored Glasses | |
| |
| |
| The Representativeness Bias: Fits and Misfits of Categorization | |
| |
| |
| The Availability Bias: the Persuasive Power of Vivid Events | |
| |
| |
| The Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating the Impact of External Influences | |
| |
| |
| The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: When Expectations Create Reality | |
| |
| |
| Correlation Does Not Prove Causation: Confusing �What� with �Why� | |
| |
| |
| Bidirectional Causation and Multiple Causation: Causal Loops and Compound Pathways | |
| |
| |
| The Naturalistic Fallacy: Blurring the Line between �Is� and �Should� | |
| |
| |
| The Belief Perseverance Effect: �Don't Confuse Me with the Facts!� | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions: �To Metathink or Not to Metathink?� | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| Sensation and Perception: Basic Principles | |
| |
| |
| How Culture Influences What We Perceive 106 | |
| |
| |
| How People Perceive Pictures | |
| |
| |
| Perception of Depth | |
| |
| |
| Are People Equally Misled by Visual Illusions? | |
| |
| |
| Some Cultural Patterns of Drawing | |
| |
| |
| Perception of Color | |
| |
| |
| Other Senses | |
| |
| |
| Perception of Time | |
| |
| |
| Perception of the Beautiful | |
| |
| |
| Perception of Music | |
| |
| |
| Consciousness and Culture | |
| |
| |
| Sleep and Cultural Significance of Dreams | |
| |
| |
| Beyond Altered States of Consciousness | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Defining Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Differences in IQ Scores | |
| |
| |
| Explaining Group Differences in Test Scores: Intelligence and Intelligent Behavior | |
| |
| |
| Do Biological Factors Contribute to Intelligence? | |
| |
| |
| Incompatibility of Tests: Cultural Biases | |
| |
| |
| A Word about �Cultural Literacy� | |
| |
| |
| Environment and Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Socioeconomic Factors | |
| |
| |
| The Family Factor | |
| |
| |
| �Natural Selection� and IQ Scores | |
| |
| |
| Cultural Values of Cognition | |
| |
| |
| General Cognition: What Is �Underneath� Intelligence? | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Skills, School Grades, and Educational Systems | |
| |
| |
| Culture, Tests, and Motivation | |
| |
| |
| IQ, Culture, and Social Justice | |
| |
| |
| And in the End, Moral Values | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emotion | |
| |
| |
| When We Laugh We Are Happy: Similarities of Emotional Experience | |
| |
| |
| You Cannot Explain Pain if You Have Never Been Hurt: Differences in Emotional Experience | |
| |
| |
| Emotions: Different or Universal? | |
| |
| |
| Physiological Arousal | |
| |
| |
| The Meaning of Preceding Events | |
| |
| |
| Emotion as an Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| We Are Expected to Feel in a Particular Way | |
| |
| |
| How People Assess Emotional Experience 1 | |
| |
| |
| When Emotions Signal a Challenge: Cross-Cultural Research on Stress and Anxiety | |
| |
| |
| Expression of Emotion | |
| |
| |
| When Emotion Hurts: Cross-Cultural Studies of Anger | |
| |
| |
| Emotion and Inclination to Act | |
| |
| |
| Emotion and Judgment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Motivation and Behavior | |
| |
| |
| A Glance into Evolution | |
| |
| |
| Social Science: See the Society First | |
| |
| |
| Drive and Arousal: Two Universal Mechanisms of Motivation | |
| |
| |
| The Power of the Unconscious: Psychoanalysis | |
| |
| |
| Humanistic Theories | |
| |
| |
| Learning and Motivation | |
| |
| |
| A Carrot and a Beef Tongue: Hunger and Food Preference | |
| |
| |
| When Hunger Causes Distress: Eating Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Victory and Harmony: Achievement Motivation | |
| |
| |
| Aggressive Motivation and Violence | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Sex and Sexuality: Some Cross-Cultural Similarities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Development and Socialization | |
| |
| |
| Development and Socialization | |
| |
| |
| Quality of Life and the Child's Development | |
| |
| |
| Norms, Customs, and Child Care | |
| |
| |
| Parental Values and Expectations | |
| |
| |
| Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development | |
| |
| |
| Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development | |
| |
| |
| Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg | |
| |
| |
| Developmental Stages | |
| |
| |
| Life before Birth: Prenatal Period | |
| |
| |
| First Steps: Infancy | |
| |
| |
| Discovering the World: Childhood | |
| |
| |
| Major Rehearsal: Adolescence | |
| |
| |
| Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| Late Adulthood | |
| |
| |
| |
| Psychological Disorders | |
| |
| |
| American Background: DSM-IV | |
| |
| |
| Two Views on Culture and Psychopathology | |
| |
| |
| Culture-Bound Syndromes | |
| |
| |
| Anxiety Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Depressive Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Schizophrenia | |
| |
| |
| Culture and Suicide | |
| |
| |
| Personality Disorders | |
| |
| |
| Is Substance Abuse Culturally Bound? | |
| |
| |
| Psychodiagnostic Biases | |
| |
| |
| Psychotherapy | |
| |
| |
| Culture Match? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Perception and Social Cognition | |
| |
| |
| Values | |
| |
| |
| Western and Non-Western Values | |
| |
| |
| Striving for Consistency: the Cognitive Balance Theory | |
| |
| |
| Avoiding Inconsistency: Cognitive Dissonance | |
| |
| |
| Psychological Dogmatism | |
| |
| |
| Social Attribution | |
| |
| |
| Attribution as Locus of Control | |
| |
| |
| Attribution of Success and Failure | |
| |
| |
| Self-Perception | |
| |
| |
| Do Social Norms Affect the Way We See Our Own Body? | |
| |
| |
| Duty and Fairness in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures | |
| |
| |
| Stereotypes and the Power of Generalizations | |
| |
| |
| On �National Character� | |
| |
| |
| |
| Social Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Universal Interaction | |
| |
| |
| Direct Contacts and Body Language | |
| |
| |
| Conformity | |
| |
| |
| Is Conformity Universal across Cultures? | |
| |
| |
| Following Orders | |
| |
| |
| Social Influence | |
| |
| |
| Feeling Good about Some Views | |
| |
| |
| Is Social Loafing Universal? | |
| |
| |
| Cooperation and Competition | |
| |
| |
| Leadership | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applied Cross-Cultural Psychology: Some Highlights | |
| |
| |
| Health | |
| |
| |
| Spirituality, Science, and Health | |
| |
| |
| Business Decisions | |
| |
| |
| Working with Immigrants | |
| |
| |
| Education | |
| |
| |
| Culture, Behavior, and the Law | |
| |
| |
| Human Rights | |
| |
| |
| Working and Serving Abroad | |
| |
| |
| Religion: A Campus Context | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |