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| Preface | |
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| Competing Perspectives on Social Welfare | |
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| Political Perspectives and Social Welfare | |
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| The Worldview of Conservatives, Liberals, and Radicals | |
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| Attitudes toward Change | |
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| Views of Human Nature | |
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| Views of Individual Behavior | |
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| Views of the Family | |
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| Views of the Social System | |
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| Views of Government and the Economic System | |
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| Political Perspectives in the Real World | |
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| Political Perspectives and Social Work Values | |
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| The Authors' Perspective | |
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| Social Welfare: Basic Concepts | |
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| Stigma and Social Welfare | |
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| Social Exclusion and Social Welfare | |
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| Descriptive Definitions of Social Welfare | |
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| Social Welfare as Nonmarket Economic Transfers | |
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| Social Welfare as Services to Meet Basic Needs | |
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| A Functional Definition of Social Welfare | |
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| Social Structure | |
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| Status and Role | |
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| Social Institutions | |
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| Family and Kinship | |
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| Government and Politics | |
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| Economics | |
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| Religion | |
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| Education | |
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| Dependence, Interdependence, and the Social Welfare Institution | |
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| Dependency and Opportunity | |
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| Institutional and Residual Conceptions of Social Welfare | |
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| Is the United States a Welfare State | |
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| A Classification of Social Welfare Services | |
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| Perspectives on Social Welfare | |
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| The Conservative Perspective | |
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| Noblesse Oblige | |
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| Enlightened Self-Interest | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Social Work as a Profession | |
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| Social Work and Professionalism | |
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| Social Work's Historical Development | |
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| State Charitable Institutions | |
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| The Charity Organization Society | |
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| The Social Settlement | |
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| A Closer Look Josephine Shaw Lowell | |
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| Leader in the Charity Organization Society | |
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| A Closer Look Mary Richmond: Pioneer in Social Casework | |
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| Social Work Destinations HullHouse | |
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| A Closer Look Lillian Wald, Graham | |
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| Taylor and Lugenia Burns Hope: Three | |
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| Settlement Leaders | |
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| A Closer Look Grace Abbott, Edith | |
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| Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge | |
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| Partners in Social Change and Development of a Profession | |
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| Growth of a Profession | |
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| Diversity and Unification | |
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| A Closer Look George Haynes: Social Work | |
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| Education and the National Urban League | |
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| The Depression and the Development of Federal | |
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| Social Welfare Programs | |
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| A Closer Look Jane Hoey | |
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| Continued Professional Growth | |
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| Social Work Values and Philosophical Base | |
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| A Closer Look Important Dates in | |
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| Social Work History | |
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| Social Work Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas | |
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| Updating a Professional Code of Ethics | |
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| Interview with a Key Player | |
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| A Closer Look Excerpts from the 1996 | |
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| Code of Ethics of the National Association | |
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| Of Social Workers | |
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| Social Work Methods | |
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| A Closer Look Social Work Roles | |
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| A Model of Social Work Practice | |
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| Practice Settings | |
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| Salaries and Job Opportunities | |
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| Social Work Education and Knowledge for Practice | |
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| Current Professional Issues | |
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| Social Work in the Larger Field of Social Welfare | |
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| Perspectives on Practice | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Generalist Social Work Practice | |
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| History and Development of Social Work Practice | |
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| The Evolution of Social Work Practice | |
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| Development of the Concept of Generalist Social Work | |
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| Generalist Practice | |
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| Definition | |
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| Skills | |
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| Relationship Between Generalist and Specialized Practice | |
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| Case Management: A Major Skill for Generalist Practitioners | |
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| Definitions | |
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| History | |
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| Skills | |
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| Institutional Framework | |
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| Advocacy | |
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| Practice Ethics and Ethical Dilemmas | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Responses to Human Diversity | |
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| Definition of the Problem | |
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| Definition of Terms | |
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| Dynamics of Intergroup Relations | |
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| Perspectives | |
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| The Conservative Perspective | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| History of Intergroup Relations in the United States | |
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| Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and the "New Immigration," | |
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| Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions and African Americans | |
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| A Closer Look The Destruction of a Black Community in Tulsa Oklahoma | |
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| Social Workers, Social Welfare Institutions, and Women | |
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| Current Issues Regarding Social Welfare and Human Diversity | |
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| Multiculturalism | |
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| A Closer Look The Experience of Having a Mixed Heritage | |
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| Immigration | |
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| Affirmative Action | |
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| Separatism or Integration? | |
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| Social Work Roles Related to Diversity | |
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| Social Work Destinations Destinations to Enhance an Appreciation of Diversity | |
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| Religion and Social Work | |
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| The Religious Roots of Social Welfare | |
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| Early Egyptian Roots | |
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| Jewish Roots | |
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| Christian Roots | |
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| Muslim Roots | |
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| The Religious Roots of Organized Social Work | |
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| Churches and the Charity Organization Society Movement | |
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| Churches and the Settlement House Movement | |
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| The Church and the Institutional Roots of Social Work | |
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| The Secularization of Social Work | |
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| The Secularization of Society | |
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| The Growth of Government Services | |
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| The New Left and the Student Movement of the 1960s and 1970s | |
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| The Reversal of Secularization? | |
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| Current Sectarian Services | |
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| Social Work and Religion���Uneasy Bedfellows | |
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| Should the Church Be Involved in Social Work and Social Welfare | |
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| Conservative Religion and Social Change | |
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| Social Work Values and Christian Values���Conflict or Consensus? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Poverty: the Central Concept | |
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| Poverty: Major Issues and Common Terms | |
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| Rich Country, Poor Country | |
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| The Measurement of Economic Inequality | |
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| The Distribution of Income and Wealth in the United States | |
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| Trends in the Distribution of Wealth and Income | |
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| Perspectives on Inequality | |
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| Poverty���The Dark Side of Inequality | |
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| The Definition of Poverty | |
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| Absolute Definitions | |
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| The Official Poverty Line in the United States | |
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| Issues and Perspectives in Measuring and Defining Poverty | |
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| Is the Poverty Line Set at a Realistic Level? | |
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| How Should Noncash Benefits Be Counted? | |
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| Should Poverty Be Defined in Absolute or Relative Terms | |
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| Should the Poverty Line Be Based on Net Disposable Income? | |
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| Experimental Poverty Measures | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Nature and Causes of Poverty | |
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| Who Are the Poor? | |
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| Statistical Description of the Poverty Population | |
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| Region | |
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| Nativity | |
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| Family Type | |
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| The Feminization of Poverty | |
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| Different Types of Poverty | |
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| Three Levels of Poverty | |
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| Data on Different Types of Poverty and Poverty Patterns | |
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| Why Are the Poor Poor? | |
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| Poverty as the Result of Individual Characteristics | |
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| Genetic Inferiority | |
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| Poverty as a Result of Psychological Problems | |
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| The Human Capital Approach | |
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| Cultural Explanations of Poverty | |
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| Culture of Poverty | |
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| Cultural Deprivation | |
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| Critique of Cultural Explanations | |
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| Culture of Poverty Theory is Based on Methodologically Flawed Research | |
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| Culture Definitions Really Refer to the "Undeserving Poor" | |
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| Research Fails to Support Elements of Cultural Explanations | |
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| Alternative Explanations for the Lifeways of the Poor | |
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| Blaming the Victim | |
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| Structural Explanations of Poverty���Liberal Version | |
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| Poverty as a Vicious Circle | |
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| Does the Class System Reproduce Itself? | |
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| The Organization of the Economy | |
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| Racial, Sexual, and Age Discrimination | |
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| The Increasing Social Isolation of the Ghetto | |
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| A Psychological Structural Explanation | |
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| Critique of Liberal Structural Explanations | |
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| Structural Explanations of Poverty���Conservative Version | |
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| Critique of Conservative Explanations | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Development of Antipoverty Programs | |
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| Historical Perspective on Antipoverty Efforts | |
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| English Roots | |
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| Colonial Years and the Era of the American Revolution | |
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| Early Years of the Republic, 1781-1860 | |
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| Ideas about the Causes of Poverty | |
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| The Growth of Indoor Relief | |
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| Outdoor Relief | |
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| Private Antipoverty Organizations | |
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| Government Antipoverty Efforts | |
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| Attitudes of the Nonpoor | |
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| Social Transformation, Reform, and Reaction, 1860-1930 | |
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| Changing Attitudes toward the Poor | |
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| Private Antipoverty Efforts | |
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| Government Antipoverty Efforts | |
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| Private Domination of Social Welfare | |
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| Seeds of the Reluctant Welfare State, 1930-1940 | |
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| Attitudes toward the Poor | |
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| The Return of Prosperity, 1940-1060 | |
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| Reform and Reaction, 1960-1988 | |
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| A New Era for Antipoverty Policy | |
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| The Development of Work Programs | |
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| The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) | |
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| Welfare is Reformed���the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Child Welfare | |
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| Definition | |
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| Statistical Profile | |
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| Number of Children Involved | |
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| Race | |
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| Age | |
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| Trend | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| Individual Parent Factors | |
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| Family Factors | |
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| Environmental Factors | |
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| Additional Factors | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| The Emergence of Concern for Children | |
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| The Lengthening of Childhood | |
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| The Breakdown of the Ability of the Extended Family and the Church to Manage Child | |
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| Dependency | |
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| The Development of a Changed Conception of Children and Childhood | |
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| The Development of Child Welfare Services | |
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| The Development of Children's Homes | |
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| The Idea of Foster Family Care | |
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| The Development of Protective Services | |
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| The Rediscovery of Child Abuse and Neglect | |
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| Current Issues and Trends | |
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| Emphasis on Permanency Planning | |
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| Emphasis on Family Preservation | |
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| Reaction to Family Preservation | |
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| Class Action Lawsuits on Behalf of Children in Foster Care | |
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| Separation of Investigation from Service | |
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| Perspectives | |
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| Conceptions of Appropriate Discipline | |
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| Conservative Perspective | |
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| Liberal Perspective | |
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| Analysis and Synthesis | |
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| The Causation of Maltreatment | |
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| Conservative Perspective | |
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| Liberal Perspective | |
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| Analysis and Synthesis | |
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| Rights of Children, Parents, and the Government | |
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| Conservative Perspective | |
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| Liberal Perspective | |
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| Radical Perspective | |
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| Analysis and Synthesis | |
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| Social Work Roles | |
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| Direct Services in Public Child Welfare | |
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| Intake, Screening, and Assessment | |
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| Supervision of Families with the Child at Home | |
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| Family Preservation Service | |
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| Recruitment and Supervision of Foster Homes | |
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| Adoption | |
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| Private Agencies | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Crime and Criminal Justice | |
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| Perspectives on Criminal Justice | |
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| The Conservative Perspective | |
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| Basic Beliefs | |
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| Major Issues | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| Basic Beliefs | |
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| Major Issues | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| Basic Beliefs | |
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| Major Issues | |
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| Definition | |
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| Legal Definitions of Crime | |
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| In Whose Interest Is Criminal Law? | |
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| Crime as a Social Welfare Problem | |
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| The Punishment Approach | |
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| The Rehabilitation Approach | |
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| Statistical Profile | |
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| Problems with Crime Statistics | |
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| Patterns of Crime | |
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| Volume of Crime | |
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| Gender | |
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| Age | |
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| Race | |
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| Social Welfare and Crime | |
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| Juveniles | |
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| Adult Corrections | |
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| Dynamics | |
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| Control Theories | |
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| Biological Control Theories | |
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| Psychological Control Theories | |
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| Social Control Theory | |
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| Neoclassical Control Theory | |
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| Summary of Control Theories | |
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| Cultural Theories | |
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| Cultural Deviance | |
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| Differential Association Theory | |
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| Strain Theory | |
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| Summary of Control Theories | |
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| Social Victim Theories | |
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| Labeling Theory | |
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| Radical Criminology | |
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| A Brief History of Criminal Justice | |
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| Prisons���The First Reform | |
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| The Indeterminate Sentence and Parole | |
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| Probation | |
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| The Concept of Delinquency and the Juvenile Court | |
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| Criminal Justice Reform���Rhetoric and Reality | |
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| Current Issues | |
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| Prisons | |
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| Parole | |
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| Probation | |
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| Diversion | |
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| Intermediate Sanctions | |
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| Abandoning Rehabilitation | |
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| Social Work Roles | |
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| Treatment Programs Outside the Criminal Justice System | |
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| Victim Assistance | |
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| Victim-Offender Mediation | |
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| A New Frontier for Social Work in Criminal Justice: the Innocence Movement | |
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| Police Work as Social Work | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Health Care | |
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| Definitions of Health and Illness | |
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| Statistical Picture of Health Care | |
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| Health and Socioeconomic Factors | |
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| Focus on Diversity Diabetes among the Oglala Souix | |
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| Dynamics of Health Care | |
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| History of Health Care | |
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| The Rise of Scientific Medicine | |
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| Medical Social Work | |
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| Health Care in the 1960s and 1970s | |
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| Current Issues and Trends | |
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| Managed Care | |
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| The Business of Health Care | |
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| Government Action to Improve Health Care | |
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| Perspectives | |
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| The Conservative Perspective | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| Social Work Roles | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Mental Health and Developmental Disability | |
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| Issues in Definition | |
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| Definitions of Mental Illness | |
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| Mental Illness as the Absence of Mental Health | |
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| Mental Illness as Disease | |
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| Mental Illness as a Reaction to Life's Problems | |
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| Mental Illness as a Label Assigned by Others | |
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| Dynamics of Mental Illness | |
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| Psysiological Explanations | |
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| Psychological Explanations | |
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| Behavioral Explanations | |
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| Environmental and Sociological Explanations | |
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| Statistical Picture of Mental Illness | |
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| Definitions of Developmental Disability | |
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| Focus on Diversity Race, Diagnosis, and Commitment | |
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| Dynamics of Development Disability | |
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| Statistical Picture of Development Disability | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Mental Illness | |
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| Social Work Destinations The Public Hospital, Williamsburg,Virginia | |
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| A Closer Look Clifford W. Beers, A Mind That Found Itself | |
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| A Closer Look the Snake Pit | |
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| Historical Perspectives on Developmental Disability | |
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| A Closer Look the Jukes and the Kallikaks | |
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| Current Issues and Trends | |
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| From Institution to Life in the Community | |
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| Community Services for Those with Mental Retardation | |
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| Advocacy and Consumer Organizations for the Mentally Ill | |
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| Stigma and Mental Illness | |
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| Special Populations in the Field of Mental Health | |
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| Perspectives | |
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| The Conserative Perspective | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| Social Work Roles in Mental Health and Developmental Disability | |
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| A Closer Look "When Things Were Darkest, Peers Helped | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Housing, Homelessness, and Community Development | |
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| Definitions of the Problem | |
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| Actors in the U.S. Housing Situation | |
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| Builders | |
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| Developers | |
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| Bankers | |
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| Insurance Companies | |
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| Realtors | |
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| Landlords | |
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| Community Groups | |
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| Advocacy Organizations | |
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| Research | |
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| Statistical Picture of Housing | |
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| Dynamics of Housing | |
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| Commodity or Right? | |
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| Residential Segregation | |
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| History of Housing | |
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| Housing Trends from the Mid 1800s through the 1920s | |
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| The Origins of Housing Policy | |
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| Housing Policy after the New Deal | |
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| "Urban Renewal" | |
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| The Age of HUD | |
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| A Closer Look The Destruction of Pruitt-Igoe | |
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| Mortgage Meltdown | |
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| A Closer Look Mortgage Talk | |
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| Obama Begins | |
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| Current Issues and Trends | |
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| Homelessness | |
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| Community Responses | |
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| Design | |
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| Triage | |
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| Sprawl | |
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| A Closer Look The Language of Sprawl | |
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| Community Development | |
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| Gender and Household Stereotypes | |
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| The Retreat from Public Life | |
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| Social Work Destinations | |
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| Social Work and Community Development | |
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| Renewing Civility | |
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| Perspectives | |
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| The Conservative Perspective | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| Social Work Roles | |
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| Aging | |
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| Definitions of Aging | |
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| Statistical Picture of Aging | |
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| Living Arrangements | |
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| Income | |
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| Health | |
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| Government Expenditures for the Elderly | |
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| Summary | |
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| Dynamics: Causes and Effects of Aging | |
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| Biological Theories | |
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| Social Psychological Theories | |
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| Sociological Theories of Aging | |
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| Focus on Diversity Men and Aging | |
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| History of Aging in America | |
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| Current Issues and Trends | |
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| Government Programs for Older Americans: Can they Be Maintained? | |
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| Long-Term Care | |
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| Community Services for the Aging: Problems of Coordination | |
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| Ageism and Advocacy | |
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| A Closer Look "Harassing the Eldlerly" by Karen DeCrow | |
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| Perspectives | |
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| The Conservative Perspective | |
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| The Liberal Perspective | |
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| The Radical Perspective | |
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| Social Work Roles | |
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| Conclusion | |