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| Brief CONTENTS | |
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| The Past Is a Foreign Country: Getting From Here To There | |
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| Getting Started In Archaeology | |
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| Putting the Picture Together | |
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| Human Evolution | |
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| Early Hominins | |
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| From Homo erectus to Neanderthals | |
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| The Origin of Modern Humans | |
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| The Peopling of Australia and the New World | |
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| Perspectives On Agriculture | |
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| Towers, Villages, and Longhouses | |
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| Mounds and Maize | |
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| A Feast of Diversity | |
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| The Development of Social Complexity | |
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| Complexity Without the State | |
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| Cities and Pyramids: Early States of Mesopotamia and Egypt | |
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| Enigmas and Diversity: Early States in Europe and Asia | |
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| From City to Empire: Social Complexity in Mesoamerica | |
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| Bringing the Four Parts Together: States and Empire in the Andes | |
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| Epilogue Bringing It Back Home | |
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| Appendices | |
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| Glossary | |
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| ReferenceS | |
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| FIGURE AND PHOTO CREDITS | |
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| Name Index | |
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| Subject Index | |
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| FULL CONTENTS | |
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| Preface | |
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| About the Author | |
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| The Past is a Foreign Country: Getting From Here to There | |
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| Introduction: Questions of Time and Ethics | |
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| Getting Started in Archaeology | |
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| Reading the Landscape | |
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| Survey Design | |
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| Geological Factors | |
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| Recovery Methods and GIS | |
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| Excavation | |
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| Horizontal Excavation | |
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| Vertical Excavation | |
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| Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space | |
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| Recovery Methods | |
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| Recording Methods | |
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| Artifacts and Ecofacts | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: the Author on His Fieldwork at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa | |
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| Biases in Preservation | |
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| Quantification and Sampling | |
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| Counting Bones | |
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| Counting Artifacts | |
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| TOOLBOX: Ethnoarchaeology | |
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| Creating a Chronology | |
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| Comparison | |
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| TOOLBOX: Radiocarbon Dating | |
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| Conservation and Display | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Community Archaeology | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Putting the Picture Together | |
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| Origins of Archaeology | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Thomas Jefferson, the Archaeologist | |
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| The Emergence of Archaeology | |
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| Organizing Time | |
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| The Establishment of Human Antiquity | |
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| Imperial Archaeology | |
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| Developing Method and Theory | |
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| Stratigraphic Method and Culture History | |
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| Gordon Childe | |
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| Archaeology as Science | |
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| Developing Scientific Methods | |
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| The New Archaeology | |
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| Systems Theory | |
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| TOOLBOX: Faunal Analysis and Taphonomy | |
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| Alternative Perspectives | |
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| Postprocessual Archaeology | |
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| Gender and Agency | |
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| TOOLBOX: Archaeoacoustics | |
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| Evolutionary Archaeology | |
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| Archaeology at the Trowel's Edge | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: Different Views of a Site, by Peter Robertshaw | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Human Evolution | |
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| Introduction: Our Place in Nature | |
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| Early Hominins | |
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| The Fossil Record | |
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| The Early Hominin Radiation | |
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| Setting the Scene | |
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| The East African Rift Valley | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Fraud���Piltdown and Kama-takamori | |
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| Lower Paleolithic | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: Following the Footsteps of Our Ancestors, by Andrew Du | |
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| TOOLBOX: Stone Tools 69 | |
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| The Origin of Tool Use | |
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| Tool Use by Animals | |
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| The Archaeological Evidence | |
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| Hunting and Sharing Food | |
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| Were They Hunters? | |
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| TOOLBOX: Dating Early Hominin Sites | |
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| Living Floors and Base Camps | |
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| The Use of Fire | |
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| The Expansion of the Hominin World | |
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| Ubeidiya and Dmanisi | |
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| East Asia | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| Summary 83 Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| FROM Homo erectus TO NEANDERTHALS | |
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| Defining the Ice Age | |
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| Before the Neanderthals | |
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| The Initial Occupation of Western Europe | |
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| The Acheulian Problem | |
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| Beyond Stone Tools | |
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| Neanderthals | |
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| Neanderthal Genetics | |
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| Chronology and Ecology | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Religion and Evolution | |
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| Aspects of Neanderthal Culture and Adaptation | |
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| Stone Tools | |
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| TOOLBOX: Cha ne Opÿratoire and the Levallois Method | |
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| Hunting | |
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| Site Organization and the Use of Fire | |
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| Treatment of the Dead | |
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| TOOLBOX: Geoarchaeology and Micromorphology | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: A Paleoepiphany, by Lynne A. SchePartz | |
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| Artwork | |
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| Neanderthal Society | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| The Origin of Modern Humans | |
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| What Is a Modern Human? | |
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| Early Modern Humans in Africa | |
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| The African Middle Stone Age | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: the Strange Case of the Grimaldi Figurines, by Michael S. Bisson | |
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| Comparing the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Paleolithic | |
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| Early Modern Humans in the Middle East | |
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| The Archaeological Record | |
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| Chronology | |
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| Assessing the Middle Eastern Pattern | |
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| TOOLBOX: Luminescence Dating | |
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| The Arrival of Modern Humans in Europe and the Fate of the Neanderthals | |
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| The Fossil Record | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Modern Human Origins and Questions of Race | |
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| Genetic Evidence | |
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| Archaeological Evidence | |
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| The Last Neanderthals | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| The Upper Paleolithic | |
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| Chronology | |
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| Stone and Bone Tools | |
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| Human Burials | |
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| TOOLBOX: Use Wear Analysis | |
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| Artwork | |
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| Site Structure | |
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| Subsistence | |
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| Explaining the Upper Paleolithic | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| The Peopling of Australia and the New World | |
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| Modern Humans in East Asia | |
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| Australia | |
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| Dating the Earliest Human Occupation | |
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| Megafauna Extinction | |
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| Rock Art | |
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| Voyaging On | |
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| TOOLBOX: Experimental Archaeology | |
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| The New World | |
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| Clovis First | |
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| TOOLBOX: Radiocarbon Calibration | |
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| Pre-Clovis | |
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| Early Arrival Model | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Repatriation of Indigenous Burial Remains | |
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| The Solutrean Hypothesis | |
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| The Skeletal Evidence | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: Mawlukhotepun���Working Together, by Susan Blair | |
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| Clovis Adaptations and Megafauna Extinction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| Perspectives on Agriculture | |
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| Introduction: Definitions of Agriculture | |
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| Towers, Villages, and Longhouses | |
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| Setting the Scene | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Political Borders and Archaeology | |
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| Stage 1: Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran | |
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| Technology | |
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| Settlements | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: the Author on His Fieldwork at Wadi Mataha | |
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| Domestication | |
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| Stage 2: the Natufian | |
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| Technology | |
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| Settlements | |
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| Domestication | |
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| Stage 3: the Early Neolithic | |
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| Technology | |
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| Settlements | |
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| Ritual | |
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| TOOLBOX: Harris Matrix | |
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| Domestication | |
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| Stage 4: Late Neolithic | |
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| TOOLBOX: Paleoethnobotany | |
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| Technology | |
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| Settlement and Ritual | |
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| Domestication | |
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| Assessing the Neolithic Revolution | |
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| The Spread of Agriculture to Europe | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| MOUNDS AND MAIZE | |
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| Plant Domestication in Mesoamerica | |
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| TOOLBOX: AMS Radiocarbon Dating | |
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| Maize Agriculture in the | |
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| American Southwest | |
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| The Formative Period | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| TOOLBOX: Hand-Built Pottery | |
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| Eastern North America | |
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| The Indigenous Domestication of Plants | |
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| The Adena and Hopewell | |
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| Intensification of Maize Agriculture | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Who Owns the Past? | |
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| The People Behind the Transition | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: "Towns They Have None:" In Search of New England's Mobile Farmers, by Elizabeth S. Chilton | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| A Feast of Diversity | |
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| Africa | |
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| Villages of Hunter Gatherers | |
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| Pastoralists | |
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| The First Farmers | |
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| FROM THE FIELD: Ethiopian Farmers Yesterday and Today, by Catherine D'Andrea | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| New Guinea | |
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| Clearing Forests and Draining Swamps | |
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| TOOLBOX: Pollen, Phytoliths, and Starch Grains | |
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| The Andes | |
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| Domestication in the Andean Highlands | |
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| Coastal Villages | |
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| The Cotton Preceramic | |
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| The Role of El Niuo | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| East Asia | |
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| Early Pottery | |
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| The First Farmers | |
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| TOOLBOX: Residue Analysis | |
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| The Development of Farming Societies | |
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| Summing Up the Evidence | |
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| ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE WORLD: Archaeology and the Environment | |
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| Questioning the Neolithic | |
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| Summary | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Review Questions | |