| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrorism in Perspective | |
| |
| |
| |
| An Idea Whose Time Has Come? | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Modern Definitions of an Old Concept | |
| |
| |
| Crucial Components of Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Violence, Audience, and a Mood of Fear | |
| |
| |
| Victims: The Right Place-But The Wrong Time | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redefining "Terrorism" | |
| |
| |
| Political Quicksand | |
| |
| |
| Typologies of Terrorism: Useful Tools | |
| |
| |
| Using Tactics As Labels | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Not a Modern Phenomenon | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Historic Roots | |
| |
| |
| State Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Tyrannicide: "To Go Too Fast" | |
| |
| |
| Guerrilla Warfare: Selective Violence | |
| |
| |
| Cyclical Nature of Terror | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cycle of. Violence: From Germany to Israel to Palestine | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Political Assassinations | |
| |
| |
| Drugs, Religion, and Political Murders | |
| |
| |
| Piracy | |
| |
| |
| State-Sponsored Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Technological Changes | |
| |
| |
| Weapons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ideology and Terrorism: Rights From Wrongs? | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| The Rationalization of Violence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tupamaros (Uruguay Faction) | |
| |
| |
| Rebellion and The Right of Self-Determination | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Palestinians | |
| |
| |
| Terrorism In The Name of God | |
| |
| |
| Causes of The Left, Right, and Center | |
| |
| |
| Religious Fanaticism | |
| |
| |
| Anarchism | |
| |
| |
| Neo-Nazism/Neofascism | |
| |
| |
| Separatism | |
| |
| |
| Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Issue-Oriented Terror | |
| |
| |
| Ideological Mercenaries | |
| |
| |
| Pathological Terrorists | |
| |
| |
| Counterterror Terrorists | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Who are The Terrorists? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Criminals or Crusaders? | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Profile of a Terrorist | |
| |
| |
| Terrorist Beliefs and Images | |
| |
| |
| Can We Generalize About A "Typical" Terrorist? | |
| |
| |
| Individual-Level Analysis: Why Does Someone Become A Terrorist Today? | |
| |
| |
| Simplicity | |
| |
| |
| Identification | |
| |
| |
| Revenge | |
| |
| |
| Terrorism Is Different Today | |
| |
| |
| Aims or Goals | |
| |
| |
| Group Dynamics | |
| |
| |
| Religious Fanaticism | |
| |
| |
| Demographic Trends in Group Membership | |
| |
| |
| Age | |
| |
| |
| Education | |
| |
| |
| Economic Status | |
| |
| |
| Gender | |
| |
| |
| |
| the Black Widows | |
| |
| |
| Disturbing Patterns of Socialization | |
| |
| |
| Socialization toward Violence | |
| |
| |
| Alienation toward Western Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Osama Bin Laden | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrorism by The State | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Internal Terrorism: The Beast That Lurks Within | |
| |
| |
| Genocide In Nazi Germany | |
| |
| |
| Other Examples of Genocide | |
| |
| |
| Coerced Conversion and Genocide In Stalin's USSR | |
| |
| |
| |
| Genocide in Darfur | |
| |
| |
| |
| Argentina's "Dirty War": Overt State-Supported Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| The Continuing Reality of State Terror | |
| |
| |
| |
| U.S. Prisoners in the "War on Terror" | |
| |
| |
| External Terrorism: Waging War by Proxy | |
| |
| |
| Reluctant Bedfellows: The Arms Bazaar | |
| |
| |
| Weapons of Mass Destruction on The Arms Bazaar | |
| |
| |
| Silent Partners: offering Arms and Safe Haven | |
| |
| |
| Syria | |
| |
| |
| Iran | |
| |
| |
| Libya | |
| |
| |
| Terrorist-Supported States | |
| |
| |
| |
| Afghanistan under The Taliban Leadership | |
| |
| |
| |
| Palestinian Liberation Authority | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrorism, Inc. | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Networking | |
| |
| |
| Shared Strategic Planning | |
| |
| |
| Terrorism Is Big Business | |
| |
| |
| |
| Libyan Protector | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iran's Support Network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Al-Qaeda's Funding | |
| |
| |
| The Internationalization of Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Al-Qaeda's Network | |
| |
| |
| The "Lieutenants" | |
| |
| |
| The Network and Netwar | |
| |
| |
| Narco-Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| How Do They Operate? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrorist Training | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| The "How" Questions | |
| |
| |
| Training Sites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrorist Camps in the United Kingdom and the United States | |
| |
| |
| Traveling Training Camps | |
| |
| |
| Training Topics: What Do They Learn At Camp? | |
| |
| |
| Arson and Bombs | |
| |
| |
| Assassination and Ambush Techniques | |
| |
| |
| Extortion And Kidnapping for Ransom | |
| |
| |
| Disguise Techniques, Clandestine Travel, Recruitment, And Communications | |
| |
| |
| Intelligence Collection and Counterintelligence Methods | |
| |
| |
| Weapons | |
| |
| |
| |
| September 11, 2001, Attacks on the United States | |
| |
| |
| Sequence of Events | |
| |
| |
| Insights into Those Responsible | |
| |
| |
| Potential for Destruction: A Terrorist's Arsenal | |
| |
| |
| Explosives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) | |
| |
| |
| Assassinations and Ambushes | |
| |
| |
| Small Arms | |
| |
| |
| Automatic Weapons | |
| |
| |
| Portable Rockets | |
| |
| |
| Aerial Hijacking | |
| |
| |
| Sabotage | |
| |
| |
| Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Or Biological Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Al-Qaeda's Quest for A Biological Toxin | |
| |
| |
| Radiological and Nuclear Attacks | |
| |
| |
| Suicide Bombing: A "New" Weapon | |
| |
| |
| Ideology, Not Psychology, of Suicide Bombing | |
| |
| |
| Suicide Bombings in Iraq | |
| |
| |
| |
| Suicide Bomber Training Camp | |
| |
| |
| Phases of A Terrorist Incident: Putting The Lessons Learned At Camp into Practice | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Media: A Weapon for Both Sides? | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Mass-Mediated Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Terrorist Goals Regarding The Media | |
| |
| |
| Publicity | |
| |
| |
| Favorable Understanding of Their Cause | |
| |
| |
| Legitimacy and Identity | |
| |
| |
| Destabilizing The Enemy | |
| |
| |
| Government Goals Regarding Media | |
| |
| |
| Publicity | |
| |
| |
| Criminality of Act | |
| |
| |
| Deny The Terrorist A Platform | |
| |
| |
| Information and Cooperation | |
| |
| |
| Media Goals In Terrorist Events | |
| |
| |
| Getting A Scoop | |
| |
| |
| Dramatic Presentation of News | |
| |
| |
| Protection of Rights | |
| |
| |
| Personal Security | |
| |
| |
| Propaganda by The Deed | |
| |
| |
| Media As A "Showcase" for Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Legal Issue of The Right of Access | |
| |
| |
| Censorship: The Ugly Word | |
| |
| |
| Complicity: A Very Serious Charge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bin Laden's Tapes | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Domestic Terrorism in The United States | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Historical Roots in The United States | |
| |
| |
| Conceptualizing Domestic Terrorism in The United States | |
| |
| |
| Left-Wing Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Left-Wing Extremism | |
| |
| |
| Nationalist Groups | |
| |
| |
| Single-Issue Groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| Earth Liberation Front | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion: Left-Wing Terrorism In The United States Today | |
| |
| |
| Right-Wing Extremism: From Militia Groups to Religious Fanatics; | |
| |
| |
| Militia Movements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aryan Nations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Christian Identity Movement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Montana Freemen and The Christian Patriots | |
| |
| |
| |
| Field Manual of The Free Militia | |
| |
| |
| Theological Training | |
| |
| |
| Equipment for A "Prepared" Militia Member | |
| |
| |
| Transnational Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| The "Lone Wolf" Terrorists | |
| |
| |
| |
| Oklahoma City Bombing | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Responses to Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Legal Perspectives on Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Terrorism Is A Crime | |
| |
| |
| Laws of War | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enemy Combatants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iraq: Differentiating Between Combatants and Noncombatants | |
| |
| |
| Piracy of Air and Sea | |
| |
| |
| Protection of Diplomatic Personnel and Heads of State | |
| |
| |
| Regional Legal Efforts to Prevent or Punish Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| International Efforts to Restrict Internal State Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arresting Sudan's President | |
| |
| |
| Is Terrorism A Political Crime? | |
| |
| |
| The United Nations and The War on Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Use of Force to Combat Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Nations Without Defenses | |
| |
| |
| Strike Forces: A First Line of Defense? | |
| |
| |
| Israel's Sayaret Mat'kal | |
| |
| |
| The British Special Air Services | |
| |
| |
| Germany's GSG-9 | |
| |
| |
| Too Many U.S. Options? | |
| |
| |
| Special Forces, U.S. Army | |
| |
| |
| 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (Delta Force), U.S. Army | |
| |
| |
| Ranger, U.S. Army | |
| |
| |
| Air Force Special Operations Command | |
| |
| |
| Naval Special Warfare Command | |
| |
| |
| New Units-and New Technologies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operation Chavin De Huantar | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mogadishu | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Use of Legislation and Intelligence Resources to Combat Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Legal Initiatives to Counter Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Canada's Legal War With The FLQ | |
| |
| |
| The "Temporary" British Problem In Northern Ireland | |
| |
| |
| Italy and The "Penititi" | |
| |
| |
| |
| The PATRIOT Act | |
| |
| |
| Investigation: The Intelligence Initiative | |
| |
| |
| Germany's Intelligence Gathering: Target Search Teams | |
| |
| |
| U.S. Intelligence-Gathering: Multiple Tools | |
| |
| |
| |
| Department of Homeland Security | |
| |
| |
| Computers As Tools of Investigation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dark Web Project Tracking Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Government Use of Investigation and Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Terrorism in Mumbai | |
| |
| |
| |
| Security Measures: A Frail Defense | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Three Facets of Security | |
| |
| |
| |
| NSA's Operation Eligible Receiver | |
| |
| |
| Critical Infrastructure Protection | |
| |
| |
| Airport Security in The United States | |
| |
| |
| Weaknesses in The Security System | |
| |
| |
| Ease of Access to The Cockpit | |
| |
| |
| Inadequate Screening Processes | |
| |
| |
| Impact of September 11 Attacks on Airport Security | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Fake Bomb" Smuggling | |
| |
| |
| Protecting Other Forms of Public Transportation | |
| |
| |
| |
| London Transportation Attacks 2005 | |
| |
| |
| Port Security | |
| |
| |
| Preventive Security | |
| |
| |
| The Costs of Security | |
| |
| |
| Threat and Risk Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Threat Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Risk of Terrorist Attacks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Allocating Resources Based on Threat and Risk Assessment | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cyber Security and Cyberterror | |
| |
| |
| |
| Current Trends and Future Prospects | |
| |
| |
| |
| The New Terrorist Threat: Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Context of The Threat | |
| |
| |
| Historical Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Biological Weapons | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Chemical Weapons | |
| |
| |
| A Brief History of Nuclear Weapons | |
| |
| |
| Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction Available | |
| |
| |
| Biological Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Anthrax | |
| |
| |
| |
| Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | |
| |
| |
| Bioterrorism Defense | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Weapons | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ricin | |
| |
| |
| Radiological Weapons | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Weapons | |
| |
| |
| Access to and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
| |
| |
| Chemical Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aum Attack on the Tokyo Subway | |
| |
| |
| Biological Agents | |
| |
| |
| |
| Agroterrorism | |
| |
| |
| Nuclear Devices | |
| |
| |
| Radiological Devices | |
| |
| |
| Risk Assessment: Comparative Effectiveness of WMD | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Future Trends | |
| |
| |
| Key Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Identifying Trends in Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| A War on Terror | |
| |
| |
| The Counterterrorism Learning Curve | |
| |
| |
| Globalization, and Understanding the "Why" of Terror Attacks | |
| |
| |
| Using The Internet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Armed Efforts to Eliminate Terror: War in Iraq | |
| |
| |
| Dealing With Weapons of Mass Destruction | |
| |
| |
| Trends in Terrorist Incidents | |
| |
| |
| Volume and Lethality of Incidents | |
| |
| |
| Radicalization of Religion and Terrorism Today | |
| |
| |
| Deterrence as a Tool against Suicide Bombing | |
| |
| |
| Impact of The Generational Differences within Terrorist Groups | |
| |
| |
| IED: Weapon of Choice | |
| |
| |
| The Threat and Reality of Cyberterror | |
| |
| |
| Nature of Groups as Limiting Factor | |
| |
| |
| Goals of Groups as Limiting Factors | |
| |
| |
| Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| Index | |