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Composing | |
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Think as a Writer | |
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Think about the process of communication | |
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Think about your audience | |
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Think about your credibility | |
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Read and View with a Critical Eye | |
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Become a critical reader | |
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Become a critical viewer | |
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Plan Your Writing | |
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Establish goals and find a topic | |
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Write a working thesis | |
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Write a Draft | |
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Determine your organization | |
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Compose a draft | |
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Compose Paragraphs | |
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Focus your paragraphs | |
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Write effective beginning and ending paragraphs | |
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Revise, Edit, and Proofread | |
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Evaluate your draft | |
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Learn strategies for rewriting | |
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Edit for specific goals | |
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Proofread carefully | |
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Write in Academic Genres | |
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Write an observation | |
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Write a case study | |
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Write a lab report in the sciences | |
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Write an essay exam | |
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Researching | |
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Five Steps for Planning and Conducting Research | |
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1How do I find a topic? | |
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1How do I focus a topic? | |
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1How do I determine what research I need? | |
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1How do I find sources? | |
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1How do I keep track of my research? | |
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Find Sources in Databases | |
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Know the strengths of database sources | |
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Find information in databases | |
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Construct effective database searches | |
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Locate elements of a citation in database sources | |
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Find Sources on the Web | |
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Find reliable Web sources | |
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Construct effective Web searches | |
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Locate elements of a citation in Web sources | |
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Find Print Sources | |
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Know the strengths of print sources | |
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Find books | |
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Find journal articles | |
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Locate elements of a citation in print sources | |
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Evaluate Your Sources | |
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Determine the relevance of sources | |
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Determine the quality of print and database sources | |
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Determine the quality of Web sources | |
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Plan Field Research | |
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Know what you can obtain from field research | |
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Conduct interviews | |
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Administer surveys | |
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Make observations | |
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Incorporate Sources and Avoid Plagiarism | |
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Avoid plagiarism | |
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Quote sources without plagiarizing | |
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Summarize and paraphrase sources without plagiarizing | |
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Incorporate quotations, summaries, and paraphrases effectively | |
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Documenting | |
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Five Steps for Documenting Sources | |
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Which documentation style do I use? | |
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What kind of source am I using? | |
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When do I cite sources? | |
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How do I cite a source in my paper? | |
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How do I cite sources at the end of my paper? | |
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MLA Documentation | |
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In-text citations in MLA-style | |
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Books in MLA-style works cited | |
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Journals, magazines, newspapers, and documents | |
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Library database publications | |
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Online publications | |
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Unedited online sources | |
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Visual and multimedia sources | |
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Sample research paper with MLA documentation | |
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APA Documentation | |
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The elements of APA documentation | |
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In-text citations in APA-style | |
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Books and nonperiodical sources | |
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Periodical sources | |
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Online sources | |
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Visual, computer, and multimedia sources | |
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Sample pages from a research paper with APA documentation | |
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CMS Documentation | |
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The elements of CMS documentation | |
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Books and nonperiodical sources | |
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Periodical sources | |
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Online sources | |
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Sample pages from a research paper with CMS documentation | |
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CSE Documentation | |
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In-text references in CSE style | |
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Books and nonperiodical sources | |
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Periodical sources | |
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Online sources | |
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Effective Style and Language | |
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Write with Power | |
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Recognize active and passive voice | |
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Use action verbs | |
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Find agents | |
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Vary your sentences | |
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Write Concisely | |
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Eliminate unnecessary words | |
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Reduce wordy phrases | |
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Simplify tangled sentences | |
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Write with Emphasis | |
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Manage emphasis within sentences | |
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Forge links across sentences | |
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Use parallel structure with parallel ideas | |
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Find the Right Words | |
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Be aware of levels of formality | |
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Be aware of denotation and connotation | |
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Use specific language | |
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Write to be inclusive | |
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Recognize international varieties of English | |
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Understanding Grammar | |
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Fragments, Run-ons, and Comma Splices | |
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Fragments | |
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Run-on sentences | |
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Comma splices | |
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Subject-Verb Agreement | |
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Agreement in the present tense | |
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Singular and plural subjects | |
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Indefinite pronouns as subjects | |
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Collective nouns as subjects | |
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Inverted word order | |
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Amounts, numbers, and pairs | |
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Verbs | |
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Basic verb forms | |
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Irregular verbs | |
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Transitive and intransitive verbs | |
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Pronouns | |
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Pronoun case | |
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Pronoun agreement | |
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Avoiding sexist pronouns | |
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Vague reference | |
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Shifts | |
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Shifts in tense | |
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Shifts in mood | |
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Shifts in voice | |
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Shifts in person and number | |
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Modifiers | |
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Choose the correct modifier | |
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Place adjectives carefully | |
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Place adverbs carefully | |
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Revise disruptive modifiers | |
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Revise dangling modifiers | |
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Grammar for Multilingual Writers | |
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Nouns | |
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Articles | |
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Verbs | |
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Understanding Punctuation and Mechanics | |
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Commas | |
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Commas with introductory elements | |
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Commas with compound clauses | |
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Commas with nonrestrictive modifiers | |
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Commas with items in a series | |
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Commas with coordinate adjectives | |
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Commas with quotations | |
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Commas with dates, numbers, titles, and addresses | |
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Commas to avoid confusion | |
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Unnecessary commas | |
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Semicolons and Colons | |
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Semicolons with closely related main clauses | |
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Semicolons together with commas | |
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Colons in sentences | |
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Colons with lists | |
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Dashes and Parentheses | |
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Dashes and parentheses to set off information | |
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Dashes and parentheses versus commas | |
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Other punctuation with parentheses | |
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Apostrophes | |
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Possessives | |
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Contractions and omitted letters | |
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Plurals of letters, symbols, and words referred to as words | |
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Quotation Marks | |
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Direct quotations | |
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Titles of short works | |
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Other uses of quotation marks | |
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Other punctuation with quotation marks | |
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Misuses of quotation marks | |
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Other Punctuation Marks | |
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Periods | |
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Question marks | |
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Exclamation points | |
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Brackets | |
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Ellipses | |
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Slashes | |
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Capitalization, Italics, Abbreviations, Numbers | |
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Capital letters | |
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Italics | |
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Abbreviations | |
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Acronyms | |
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Numbers | |
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Glossary of Grammatical Terms and Usage | |
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Index | |
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Revision Guide | |