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| Preface | |
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| The Foundations of Civilization | |
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| Civilization in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel | |
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| Mesopotamian Civilization | |
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| The Reign of Sargon | |
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| The Code of Hammurabi | |
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| The Epic of Gilgamesh | |
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| The Biblical Flood | |
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| Egyptian Civilization | |
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| The Authority of the Pharaohs | |
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| Building the Pyramids Herodotus | |
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| Mummification Herodotus | |
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| Ramses the Great | |
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| The Artistic Vision: the Great Pyramids | |
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| Egyptian Religion and Values | |
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| Instructions of Kagemni | |
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| The Pyramid Texts | |
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| The Book of the Dead: Negative Confession | |
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| Against the Grain: the Amarna Revolution | |
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| The Hymn to Aten Akhenaten | |
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| Hebrew Civilization | |
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| Origins, Oppression, and the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt | |
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| The Creation of the World | |
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| Paradise and the Fall from Grace | |
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| The Hebrew Bondage | |
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| The Burning Bush | |
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| The Mission of Moses | |
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| The DeParture of the Israelites | |
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| Covenant and Commandments | |
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| The Ten Commandments | |
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| The Covenant Code | |
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| Wisdom and Psalms | |
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| Job: "Clothed In Fearful Splendor" | |
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| Psalm 104: "All Creatures Depend On You" | |
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| Prophets: Amos, Isaiah, and Jeremiah | |
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| Amos: "Let Justice Flow Like Water" | |
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| Yahweh: "There Is No God Except Me" | |
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| Isaiah's Vision of Everlasting Peace | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the New Covenant of Jeremiah | |
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| "Deep Within Them, I Shall Plant My Law" | |
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| The Greek World | |
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| Legend and History: the World of Early Greece | |
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| The Trojan War: Homer's Iliad | |
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| The Wrath of Achilles Homer | |
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| The Death of Hector Homer | |
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| Homecoming: the Odyssey of Homer | |
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| The Adventure of the Cyclops Homer | |
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| Odysseus in the Underworld Homer | |
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| The Return of Odysseus Homer | |
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| Early Greek Literature (700-500 B.C.E.) | |
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| Pandora's Box of Evil Hesiod | |
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| Works and Days: Advice for the Wise Hesiod | |
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| Greek Love Poetry Sappho | |
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| The Celebration of Athletic Glory Pindar | |
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| Democracy and Empire: the Golden Age of Athens | |
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| The Greek Polis: Two Ways of Life | |
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| "Man Is a Political Animal" Aristotle | |
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| The City-State of SParta: Reforms of Lycurgus Plutarch | |
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| SPartan Discipline Plutarch | |
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| "Happiness Depends on Being Free, and Freedom Depends on Courage" | |
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| The Funeral Oration of Pericles (430 B.C.E.) Thucydides | |
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| The Historian at Work Herodotus | |
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| "As Rich as Croesus": the Happiest of Men? | |
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| The Persian Wars and the Defense of Greece (490���480 B.C.E.) | |
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| "The SPartans Will Fight" Herodotus | |
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| The 300 SPartans at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.) Herodotus | |
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| Greek Tragedy (480-430 B.C.E.) | |
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| Oedipus the King (430 B.C.E.) Sophocles | |
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| Antigone (441 B.C.E.) Sophocles | |
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| The Athenian Empire, War, and Decline (480���404 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Historian at Work: Thucydides | |
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| Bloodbath at Corcyra | |
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| The Mytilenian Debate (427 B.C.E.) Thucydides | |
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| The Melian Dialogue (416 B.C.E.) Thucydides | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror Hubris: the Conceit of Power | |
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| The Trojan Women (415 B.C.E.) Euripides | |
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| The Sicilian Disaster (413 B.C.E.) Thucydides | |
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| Women and War: Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.) Aristophanes | |
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| Against the Grain the Trial of Socrates | |
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| "You Will Not Easily Find Another Like Me" Plato | |
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| The Age of Alexander the Great | |
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| The Rise of Macedon and the Fall of Greece | |
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| The First Philippic (351 B.C.E.) Demosthenes | |
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| "They Speak of Nothing But Your Power" (346 B.C.E.) Isocrates | |
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| On the Crown (330 B.C.E.) Demosthenes | |
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| Alexander the Great? | |
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| "Carve Out a Kingdom Worthy of Yourself!" Plutarch | |
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| The Destruction of Persepolis Diodorus Siculus | |
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| The Character and Leadership of Alexander Arrian | |
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| "Making Humankind a Single People" Plutarch | |
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| The Thought of the Age | |
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| The Philosophy of Plato | |
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| The Unenlightened Majority Plato | |
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| Allegory of the Cave Plato | |
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| The Equality of Women in the State Plato | |
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| The Thought of Aristotle | |
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| Virtue and Moderation: the Doctrine of the Mean Aristotle | |
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| The Status of Women Aristotle | |
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| The Roman World | |
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| The Roman Republic: Origins, Breakdown, and Rebirth | |
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| Roman Virtues in the Early and Middle Republic (753-150 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Historian at Work: Titus Livy | |
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| The Power of the Past | |
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| The Oath of the Horatii: "One of the Great Stories of Ancient Times" Livy | |
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| The Rape of Lucretia Livy | |
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| The Courage of Mucius Scaevola Livy | |
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| "Hannibal at the Gates!" Livy | |
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| "Cracks in the Wall": the Breakdown Begins (150-100 B.C. E.) | |
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| The Destruction of Carthage (146 B.C.E.) Appian | |
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| The Growth of the Latifundia Appian | |
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| The Murder of Tiberius Gracchus (133 B.C.E.) Plutarch | |
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| "Vengeance with Excessive Cruelty" Sallust | |
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| The Fall of the Roman Republic (100���31 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Historian at Work: Appian | |
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| The Revolt of SPartacus | |
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| The Civil War (49���45 B.C.E.) | |
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| "The Die Is Cast": Caesar Crosses the Rubicon Suetonius | |
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| "We Must Trust to the Mercy of the Storm" Cicero | |
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| Julius Caesar: the Colossus That Bestrode the World? | |
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| Caesar's Reforms Suetonius | |
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| Abuse of Power Suetonius | |
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| The Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 B.C.E.) Plutarch | |
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| The Power Vacuum (44-31 B.C.E.) | |
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| "A Public Prostitute": the Philippic Against Mark Antony Cicero | |
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| The Murder of Cicero: "Antony's Greatest and Bitterest Enemy" Appian | |
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| Against the Grain Cleopatra: Queen of the Nile | |
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| "The Attraction Was Something Bewitching" Plutarch | |
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| "She Was No Weak-Kneed Woman" Horace | |
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| The Establishment of the Augustan Principate (31-27 B.C.E.) | |
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| The Powers and Authority of the Emperor Dio Cassius | |
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| The Transition from Republic to Principate Tacitus | |
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| Res Gestae: the Accomplishments of Augustus Augustus | |
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| The Mission: "To Spare the Conquered and Crush the Proud" Virgil | |
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| Caesar and Christ | |
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| RomanStateReligion and the Mystery Cults | |
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| The Imperial Cult: the Deification of Augustus Dio Cassius | |
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| Invasion of the Eastern Cults Minucius Felix | |
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| Orgiastic Frenzy Apuleius | |
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| The Message of Jesus | |
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| The Baptism of Jesus | |
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| The Sermon on the Mount | |
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| The Good Samaritan | |
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| The Mission of Jesus | |
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| Instructions to the Twelve Disciples | |
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| Peter: the Rock | |
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| Suffering, Persecution, and the Son of Man | |
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| The Final Judgment | |
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| The Work of Paul | |
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| Paul's Answer to the Intellectuals | |
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| "Neither Jew Nor Greek, Male Nor Female" | |
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| The Resurrection of Christ | |
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| Conflict and the Development of the Christian Church | |
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| Roman Imperial Policy Regarding Jews and Christians | |
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| The Historian at Work: Flavius Josephus | |
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| Mass Suicide at Masada | |
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| The Persecution of Christians Under Nero (64 C.E.) Tacitus | |
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| "The Infection of This Superstition Has Spread" Pliny the Younger | |
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| "A Religion of Lust": Anti-Christian Propaganda Minucius Felix | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror "Christians to the Lions!" | |
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| A Christian Defense Tertullian | |
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| The Early Church Fathers | |
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| First Principles of the Early Church (225 C.E.) Origen | |
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| The City of God Saint Augustine | |
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| Against the Grain Augustine: From Sinner to Saint | |
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| The Confessions Saint Augustine | |
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| The Triumph of Christianity | |
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| The Petrine Theory Pope Leo I | |
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| Loyalty to the Pope: Oath to Gregory II (723 C.E.) Bishop Boniface | |
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| The Pax Romana and the Decline of Rome | |
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| Strength and Success (14���180 C.E.) | |
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| Political and Military Control | |
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| The Imperial Army Favius Josephus | |
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| A Roman Triumph Zonaras | |
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| Imperial Patronage Pliny the Younger | |
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| Techniques of Roman Control Tacitus | |
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| The Historian at Work: Tacitus | |
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| The Murder of Agrippina | |
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| "All Roads Lead to Rome" | |
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| The Glory of the City Strabo | |
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| The Artistic Vision: the Roman Aqueduct: Pont du Gard | |
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| The Magnificence of the Baths Lucian | |
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| The Bath House Seneca | |
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| The Dark Side of Rome Juvenal | |
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| "Bread and Circuses" Fronto | |
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| "The Give and Take of Death": Gladiatorial Combat Seneca | |
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| "Charming Privacy": the Rural Aristocrat Pliny the Younger | |
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| Social and Intellectual Aspects of the Pax Romana | |
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| The Roman Woman | |
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| "Subordinate Beauty" Valerius Maximus | |
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| The Funeral Eulogy of Turia Quintus Lucretius Vespillo | |
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| Slavery in the Roman Empire | |
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| A Slave Rebellion Pliny the Younger | |
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| The Proper Treatment of Slaves Seneca | |
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| Social Mobility: "Once a Mere Worm, Now a King" Petronius | |
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| The Stoic Philosophy | |
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| "What Is the Principal Thing in Life?" Seneca | |
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| Meditations Marcus Aurelius | |
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| Failure and Decline (180���500 C.E.) | |
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| "Empire for Sale" (193 C.E.) Dio Cassius | |
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| News of the Attacks Jerome | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the Decline of the West | |
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| Decline and Christianity Edward Gibbon | |
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| The Medieval World | |
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| Icon, Scimitar, and Cross: Early Medieval Civilization (500-1100) | |
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| Byzantine Civilization | |
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| The Emperor Justinian (527���565) | |
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| The Secret History of Justinian and Theodora Procopius | |
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| The Nika Riot (532) Procopius | |
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| The Wonders of Saint Sophia Paul the Silentiary | |
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| Byzantine Spiritual Foundations | |
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| Heresy: the Threat of Arianism Eusebius | |
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| The Nicene Creed (325) Eusebius | |
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| Iconoclasm and Orthodoxy: the Second Council of Nicaea (787) | |
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| A Western Attitude Toward the Byzantine Greeks (1147) Odo of Deuil | |
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| Islamic Civilization | |
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| The Religious Tenets of the Qur'an | |
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| The Heritage of Islam | |
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| The Qur'an on Women | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the Love of Allah | |
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| "The Love of Allah Should Conquer a Man's Heart" al-ghazzali | |
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| Islamic Science and Mathematics | |
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| On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion al-Ghazzali | |
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| On the Causes of Small-Pox al-Razi | |
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| The Dawn of the European Middle Ages | |
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| Beowulf: the Germanic Hero | |
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| Charlemagne: the Moderate and Progressive King Einhard | |
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| The Missi Dominici (802) | |
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| Against the Grain: the Carolingian Renaissance | |
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| Education and the Scriptures Charlemagne | |
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| The Norman Conquest of England William of Malmesbury | |
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| The Artistic Vision: the Bayeux Tapestry | |
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| The Norman Conquest and the Sisters of Bayeux | |
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| Feudalism | |
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| The Viking Onslaught (850���1050) | |
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| The Annals of Xanten (845���854) | |
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| The Siege of Paris (806) Abbo | |
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| The Feudal Relationship | |
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| Legal Rules for Military Service King Louis IX | |
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| Liege Homage | |
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| Restraint of Feudal Violence: the Truce of God (1063) | |
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| Ordeal of Hot Iron | |
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| The Sword of Faith: the High Middle Ages (1100-1300) | |
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| The Medieval Church in Ascendency | |
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| The Crusading Movement | |
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| Launching the Crusades: "It Is the Will of God!" (1095) Robert the Monk | |
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| Out of Control: the Fall of Jerusalem (1099) | |
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| The Protection of Allah Usamah ibn-Munqidh | |
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| The Historian at Work: Usamah ibn-Munqidh | |
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| The Infidel: "Superior in Courage, But Nothing Else" | |
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| The Investiture Controversy (1075-1122) | |
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| The Excommunication of Emperor Henry IV (February 1076) Pope Gregory VII | |
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| "Go to Canossa!": Henry's Penance (January 28, 1077) Pope Gregory VII | |
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| Oath at Canossa (January 1077) Emperor Henry IV | |
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| The Artistic Vision: the Art of Stained Glass | |
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| A Martyrdom in Glass: the Murder of Saint Thomas Becket | |
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| Medieval Monasticism | |
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| The Rule of Saint Benedict | |
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| The Vow of a Monk | |
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| Visions of Ecstasy Hildegard of Bingen | |
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| The Canticle of Brother Sun (1225) Saint Francis of Assisi | |
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| Against the Grain Papal Supremacy and Magna Carta | |
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| "The Rights of Englishmen": Magna Carta (1215) | |
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| Innocent Protects His Investment (1216) Pope Innocent iii | |
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| Mind and Society in the High Middle Ages | |
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| The World of Thought | |
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| Political Theory: the Responsibilities of Kingship (1159) John of Salisbury | |
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| The Existence of God Saint Thomas Aquinas | |
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| The Love of God Saint Bernard of Clairvaux | |
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| The Dialectical Method: Sic et Non Peter Abelard | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the Tragedy of Abelard and Heloise | |
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| A Story of Calamities Peter Abelard | |
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| The Medieval Woman | |
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| Whether Woman Was Fittingly Made from the Rib of Man? Saint Thomas Aquinas | |
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| Whether a Woman Can Baptize? Saint Thomas Aquinas | |
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| Chivalric Ideals: the Function of Knighthood John of Salisbury | |
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| The Minds of Women: "Freer and Sharper" Christine de Pizan | |
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| The Waning of the Middle Ages (1300-1450) | |
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| The Crisis of the Medieval Church | |
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| The Papacy Under Siege | |
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| Clericis Laicos (1298) Pope Boniface VIII | |
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| Unam Sanctam (1302) Pope Boniface VIII | |
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| The Argument Against Papal Supremacy: Defensor Pacis (1324) Marsilius of Padua | |
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| The Artistic Vision: Giotto at the Creative Edge | |
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| "The Student of Nature Herself" Vasari | |
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| Lamentation for the Dead Christ Giotto | |
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| The Babylonian Captivity and the Conciliar Movement | |
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| On the Abuses of Avignon Petrarch | |
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| "The Wolf Is Carrying Away Your Sheep" Saint Catherine of Siena | |
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| The Great Schism: the Cardinals Revolt (1378) | |
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| The Council of Pisa (1409) | |
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| The Council of Constance (1417) | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the Vices of the Church | |
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| "Luxury Demands Gratifications" Nicholas Clamanges | |
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| The Wealth of the Church (1480) | |
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| Disease and History: the Black Death (1347-1351) | |
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| "A Most Terrible Plague" Giovanni Boccaccio | |
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| "God's Hand Was Unstrung" Matteo Villani | |
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| Transitions to the Modern World | |
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| The Age of the Renaissance | |
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| The Humanist Movement | |
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| A Humanist Education Leonardo Bruni | |
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| Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) Pico della Mirandola | |
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| The Soul of Man (1474) Marsilio Ficino | |
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| Against the Grain: I, Leonardo | |
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| The Notebooks of a Universal Man Leonardo da Vinci | |
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| The Life of Florence | |
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| The Rule of Cosimo de' Medici Vespasiano | |
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| "This Will Be Your Final Destruction" (1494) Girolamo Savonarola | |
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| The Prince: "Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are" | |
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| Niccoli Machiavelli | |
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| The Artistic Vision the Dome of Brunelleschi | |
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| The Artistic Competition (1420) Giorgio Vasari | |
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| Mind and Society in the Renaissance | |
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| Renaissance Manners | |
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| Book of the Courtier (1518) Baldassare Castiglione | |
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| On the Nature and Purpose of Women and Men Baldassare Castiglione | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the Hammer of Witches | |
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| "All Wickedness Is But Little to the Wickedness of a Woman" | |
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| The Reformation Era | |
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| The Lutheran Reformation (1517-1546) | |
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| The Indulgence Controversy (1517) | |
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| "The Cheat of Pardons and Indulgences": The Praise of Folly (1509) Desiderius Erasmus | |
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| Instructions for the Sale of Indulgences (1517) Archbishop Albert of Mainz | |
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| "How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?" (1517) Johann Tetzel | |
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| The Artistic Vision: Saint Peter's Basilica | |
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| The Colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica Gian Lorrenzo Bernini | |
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| Salvation Through Faith Alone Martin Luther | |
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| The Ninety-five Theses (1517) Martin Luther | |
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| Breaking with Rome (1517-1525) | |
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| Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) Martin Luther | |
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| On Christian Liberty (1520) Martin Luther | |
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| "Here I Stand": Address at the Diet of Worms (1521) Martin Luther | |
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| The Edict of Worms (1521) Emperor Charles V | |
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| Social and Political Aspects of the Reformation | |
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| On Celibacy and Marriage Martin Luther | |
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| Condemnation of the Peasant Revolt (1524) Martin Luther | |
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| In the Wake of Luther | |
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| John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation (1536-1564) | |
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| On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544) John Calvin | |
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| Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) John Calvin | |
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| Genevan Catechism: Concerning the Lord's Supper (1541) John Calvin | |
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| Ordinances for the Regulation of Churches (1547) John Calvin | |
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| The Spread of Calvinism (1561) Giovanni Michiel | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: "Beware of Infection": the Abdication of Charles V | |
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| "The Wretched Condition of the Christian State" (1556) Emperor Charles V | |
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| The Anabaptist Radical Reformation (1525-1535) | |
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| On the Mystery of Baptism (1526) Hans Hut | |
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| "They Should Be Drowned Without Mercy": Measures Against Anabaptists | |
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| The English Reformation (1534-1603) | |
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| The Supremacy Act (1534): "The Only Supreme Head of the Church of England" | |
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| The Act of Succession (1534) | |
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| Good Queen Mary (1553): "Loving Subjects and Christian Charity" | |
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| Bloody Mary: "To Be Burned According to the Wholesome Laws of Our Realm" | |
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| The Enforcement of the Elizabethan Settlement (1593): "Divine Service According to Her Majesty's Laws" | |
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| The Catholic Reformation (1540-1565) | |
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| The Society of Jesus | |
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| Constitution of the Society of Jesus (1540) | |
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| Spiritual Exercises (1548) Ignatius Loyola | |
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| The Way of Perfection: "Prayer Is the Mortar Which Keeps Our House Together" Saint Teresa of Avila | |
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| The Council of Trent (1545���1563) | |
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| The Profession of Faith | |
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| The Closing Oration at Trent (1563) Bishop Jerome Ragozonus | |
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| The Tridentine Index of Books (1564) | |
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| The Bloody Wars of Religion (1562-1648) | |
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| The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572): "A Thousand Times More Terrible Than Death Itself" the Duke of Sully | |
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| The Edict of Nantes (1598) | |
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| "An Embarrassment of Riches": The Interaction of New Worlds | |
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| Domination and Destruction | |
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| The Ottoman Empire of Turkey | |
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| Süleyman "The Lawgiver" and the Advantages of Islam Ogier de Busbecq | |
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| Women In Ottoman Society Ogier de Busbecq | |
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| The Spanish Conquest of Mexico | |
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| The Aztec Encounter: "This Was Quetzalcoatl Who Had Come to Land" Bernardino de Sahagùn | |
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| Montezuma: "We Shall Obey You and Hold You As Our God" Hernando Cortÿs | |
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| Human Sacrifice: "A Most Horrid and Abominable Custom" Hernando Cortÿs | |
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| The Destruction of Tenochtitlà n: "And Their Mothers Raised a Cry of Weeping" Bernardino de Sahagùn | |
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| "We Could No Longer Endure the Stench of Dead Bodies" Hernando Cortÿs | |
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| The Devastation of Smallpox Bernardino de Sahagùn | |
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| The Advantages of Empire | |
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| The Spanish Empire in America | |
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| The Extraction of Mercury Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa | |
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| The Silver Mines of Potosü Antonio Vasquez de Espinosa | |
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| The Barbarians of the New World: "They Are Slaves by Nature" Juan Gines de Sepulveda | |
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| The Reflection in the Mirror: the "Black Legend" of Spain | |
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| "They Slaughtered Anyone and Everyone" Bartholomÿ de Las Casas | |
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| Visions of the New World | |
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| Utopia Thomas More | |
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| On Cannibals Michel de Montaigne | |