| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foundations of the Modern World | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Age of the Renaissance and Reformation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Renaissance Movement | |
| |
| |
| The Humanist Movement | |
| |
| |
| Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486), Pico della Mirandola | |
| |
| |
| The Soul of Man (1474), Marcilio Ficino | |
| |
| |
| The Political Life of Florence | |
| |
| |
| The Rule of Cosimo de'Medici, Vespasiano | |
| |
| |
| The Prince: "Everyone Sees What You Appear to Be, Few Perceive What You Are" | |
| |
| |
| Niccoli Machiavelli | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reformation Era | |
| |
| |
| The Lutheran Reformation | |
| |
| |
| "How Many Sins Are Committed in a Single Day?" (1517), Johann Tetzel | |
| |
| |
| Salvation Through Faith Alone, Martin Luther | |
| |
| |
| The Ninety-five Theses (1517), Martin Luther | |
| |
| |
| "Here I Stand": Address at the Diet of Worms (1521), Martin Luther | |
| |
| |
| The Edict of Worms (1521), Emperor Charles V | |
| |
| |
| In the Wake of Luther | |
| |
| |
| John Calvin and the Genevan Reformation | |
| |
| |
| On the Necessity of Reforming the Church (1544), John Calvin | |
| |
| |
| Predestination: Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536), John Calvin | |
| |
| |
| The Catholic Reformation | |
| |
| |
| Spiritual Exercises (1548), Ignatius Loyola | |
| |
| |
| The Council of Trent: Profession of Faith | |
| |
| |
| The Tridentine Index of Books (1564) | |
| |
| |
| |
| "I Am the State": the Development of Absolutism in England and France | |
| |
| |
| The English Revolution (1649-1689) | |
| |
| |
| The Struggle for Constitutional Government (1650-1660) | |
| |
| |
| "The Mortal God": Leviathan (1651), Thomas Hobbes | |
| |
| |
| The Instrument of Government (December 16, 1653) | |
| |
| |
| Cromwell Denies the Crown (May 8, 1657), Oliver Cromwell | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror: Oliver Cromwell: the Lord Protector | |
| |
| |
| "To You Our Country Owes Its Liberties" John Milton | |
| |
| |
| "Guilty of Crimes for which Hell-Fire Is Prepared", Edward Hyde | |
| |
| |
| The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution (1660-1689) | |
| |
| |
| "A Force Sufficient to Defend Us from the Violence of Those Evil Counsellors", William of Orange | |
| |
| |
| The Bill of Rights (1689) | |
| |
| |
| The Absolutism of Louis XIV | |
| |
| |
| The Theory of Divine-Right Monarchy | |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Absolute State (1697), Jean Domat | |
| |
| |
| Politics and Scripture (1679), Jacques Benigne Bossuet | |
| |
| |
| The Sun King and the Practice of Absolute Rule | |
| |
| |
| "Vanity Was His Ruin", the Duke of Saint-Simon | |
| |
| |
| Letters to His Heirs: "Allow Good Sense to Act", King Louis XIV | |
| |
| |
| "A Frightful Plot": the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, the Duke of Saint-Simon | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: the Palace of Versailles | |
| |
| |
| "A Celebration of Greatness", Jean Colbert | |
| |
| |
| Visible Majesty, King Louis XIV | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Dare to Know!": the Scientific Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Science and the Church | |
| |
| |
| The Heliocentric Statement (ca. 1520), Nicolaus Copernicus | |
| |
| |
| On the Movement of the Earth (1543), Nicolaus Copernicus | |
| |
| |
| Science and the Bible: "They Would Have Us Abandon Reason" (1615), Galileo Galilei | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror: Galileo Absolved: the Resolution | |
| |
| |
| "Science and Faith Are Both Gifts from God" (1993) Pope John Paul II | |
| |
| |
| The Foundations of Modern Science | |
| |
| |
| The Advancement of Learning (1605), Sir Francis Bacon | |
| |
| |
| "I Think, Therefore I Am": Discourse on Method (1637), Renÿ Eescartes | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: On the Circulation of the Blood (1628) | |
| |
| |
| "A Motion, As It Were, In a Circle" William Harvey | |
| |
| |
| Principles of Analysis���Induction and God: Optics (1704) Sir Isaac Newton | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment and the Revolution of the Mind | |
| |
| |
| Thoughts on the Human Condition and Human Progress | |
| |
| |
| The Blank Slate of the Mind: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) John Locke | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: On Crimes and Punishments (1764) | |
| |
| |
| "The Greatest Happiness of the Greatest Number", Cesare Beccaria | |
| |
| |
| Thoughts on Religion | |
| |
| |
| God���"A Cause Contradicted by Its Effects": Common Sense (1770), Baron d'Holbach | |
| |
| |
| On Universal Toleration, Voltaire | |
| |
| |
| "If God Did Not Exist, He Would Have to Be Invented", Voltaire | |
| |
| |
| Thoughts on Education | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to the Encyclopedia (1751), Jean Le Rond d'Alembert | |
| |
| |
| "We Did Not Live Entirely in Vain" (1764), Denis Diderot | |
| |
| |
| Thoughts on Government: the Political Framework | |
| |
| |
| Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690), John Locke | |
| |
| |
| The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Baron de montesquieu | |
| |
| |
| The Social Contract (1762), Jean Jacques Rousseau | |
| |
| |
| The Declaration of Independence (1776), Thomas Jefferson | |
| |
| |
| Thoughts on Women: the Social Framework | |
| |
| |
| Woman: "Especially Constituted to Please Man", Jean Jacques Rousseau | |
| |
| |
| A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft | |
| |
| |
| Thoughts on Commerce: the Economic Framework | |
| |
| |
| The Wealth of Nations (1776), Adam Smith | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Era of Revolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!": the French Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Conditions of Society on the Eve of Revolution | |
| |
| |
| The Corruption of the French Court, Marquis d'Argenson | |
| |
| |
| "Ancient Oaks Mutilated by Time" , Marquis de Bouille | |
| |
| |
| The Grievances of Carcassonne | |
| |
| |
| Beggars, Rags, and Misery, Arthur Young | |
| |
| |
| The Outbreak of Revolution (1789���1791) | |
| |
| |
| "What Is the Third Estate?" (January 1789), the Abbÿ Aieyés | |
| |
| |
| Women of the Third Estate: "We Ask to Be Enlightened" (January 1789) | |
| |
| |
| The Tennis Court Oath (June 29, 1789) | |
| |
| |
| The Fall of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) | |
| |
| |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man (August 27, 1789) | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: the Flip Side of Liberty | |
| |
| |
| Declaration of the Rights of Woman (1791), Olympe de Gouges | |
| |
| |
| Reflections on the Revolution (1790), Edmund Burke | |
| |
| |
| The Radicalization of the Revolution (1792���1794) | |
| |
| |
| The Fall of Louis XVI (1792-1793) | |
| |
| |
| The Execution of Louis XVI (January 21, 1793), Henry Edgeworth de Firmont | |
| |
| |
| Proclamation of the Convention to the French People (January 23, 1793) | |
| |
| |
| Reflections on Louis XVI, Mme Roland | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror: A Revolutionary Reality Check | |
| |
| |
| An Update on the Political Rights of Women (1793) | |
| |
| |
| The Reign of Terror (1793-1794) | |
| |
| |
| "You Would Exterminate All Your Enemies by the Guillotine!" (December 20, 1793), Camille Desmoulins | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: Jean-Claude Marat: "The Martyr of the Revolution" | |
| |
| |
| The Death of Marat (1793), Jacques-Louis David | |
| |
| |
| "Virtue and Terror": Speech to the Convention (February 5, 1794), Maximilien Robespierre | |
| |
| |
| The Administration of Terror (June 10, 1794) | |
| |
| |
| The Execution of Robespierre (July 28, 1794), Durand de Maillane | |
| |
| |
| |
| Paths of Glory: Napoleon and the Romantic Movement | |
| |
| |
| The Napoleonic Era (1796-1815) | |
| |
| |
| The Will to Power (1796-1802) | |
| |
| |
| On the Realities of Power (1796), Napoleon BonaParte | |
| |
| |
| Suppression of the Newspapers (1800) | |
| |
| |
| Articles for the Catholic Church (1802) | |
| |
| |
| The Imperial Mantle (1804-1806) | |
| |
| |
| "The Only Salvation Lies in Hereditary Power" (December 1804), Napoleon BonaParte | |
| |
| |
| Why the French Submitted to Napoleon's Rule (1804), Comtesse de Rÿmusat | |
| |
| |
| The Imperial Catechism (April 1806) | |
| |
| |
| Exile and Death: the Hero in History | |
| |
| |
| Napoleon in Exile: "We Stand as Martyrs to an Immortal Cause!", Napoleon BonaParte | |
| |
| |
| The Role of Great Men in History, G. W. F. Hegel | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: Beethoven's Eroica: "To the Memory of a Great Man" | |
| |
| |
| Portrait of Beethoven, Joseph Karl Stieler | |
| |
| |
| Ode to Joy, Friedrich Schiller | |
| |
| |
| The Romantic Movement (1780-1830) | |
| |
| |
| The Erlking, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | |
| |
| |
| Terror and the Macabre: Frankenstein (1818), Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: "The Tyrant of Europe" | |
| |
| |
| Ode to Napoleon BonaParte, Lord Byron | |
| |
| |
| The Third of May, 1808 , Francisco Goya | |
| |
| |
| |
| "A World to Win!": the Industrial Revolution | |
| |
| |
| Rural and Urban Transformations | |
| |
| |
| The Dependent Poor (1795), David Davies | |
| |
| |
| "How Are Men to Provide for Their Families?": A Workers Petition (1786) | |
| |
| |
| The Urban Landscape | |
| |
| |
| The Factory System | |
| |
| |
| Sybil (1845), Benjamin Disraeli | |
| |
| |
| The Sadler Report: "Not Many as Deformed as I Am" (1832) | |
| |
| |
| Child Labor | |
| |
| |
| A Defense of the Factory System (1835), Andrew Ure | |
| |
| |
| Living Conditions | |
| |
| |
| The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844), Friedrich Engels | |
| |
| |
| The Impact of the Factory System on Women and the Family, Friedrich Engels | |
| |
| |
| Reaction and Reform | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: the Horrors of the Slave Trade | |
| |
| |
| "A Scene of Horror Almost Inconceivable" , Olauda Eqiano | |
| |
| |
| "We Can No Longer Plead Ignorance", William Wilberforce | |
| |
| |
| Law and Liberty: the Liberal Truth | |
| |
| |
| The Iron Law of Wages (1817), David Ricardo | |
| |
| |
| The Chartist Demands (1838) | |
| |
| |
| A Middle-Class Perspective (1859), Samuel Smiles | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: the Social Perspective by Train | |
| |
| |
| Over London by Rail , Gustave Dorÿ | |
| |
| |
| Third Class Carriage , Honorÿ Daumier | |
| |
| |
| Visions of a New World: the Socialist Truth | |
| |
| |
| Utopian Socialism (1816), Robert Owen | |
| |
| |
| The Communist Manifesto (1848), Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror: A Papal Perspective: Rerum Novarum (1891) | |
| |
| |
| "A Yoke Little Better Than That of Slavery Itself", Pope Leo XIII | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fatherland: the Power of Nationalism | |
| |
| |
| Volksgeist: the "Spirit of the People"(1815-1850) | |
| |
| |
| The Conservative Confession of Faith, Prince Klemens von Metternich | |
| |
| |
| Stirrings: the People and the Fatherland, Johann Gottlieb Fichte | |
| |
| |
| The Duties of Man, Giuseppi Mazzini | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror: the Greek Revolution of 1820 | |
| |
| |
| "To Avenge Ourselves Against a Frightful Tyranny" | |
| |
| |
| Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi (1826), Eugéne Delacroix | |
| |
| |
| "A Moderate Amount of Happiness for All Men", Alexis de Tocqueville | |
| |
| |
| |
| "A Great Outburst of Elemental Forces Had Begun", Carl Schurz | |
| |
| |
| The Political Unification of Italy and Germany (1850-1890) | |
| |
| |
| Proclamation for the Liberation of Sicily (1860), Giuseppe Garibaldi | |
| |
| |
| Address to the Italian Parliament (1871), King Victor Emmanuel II | |
| |
| |
| "We Germans Fear God, and Nothing Else in the World" | |
| |
| |
| Speech to the Reichstag (1888), Otto von Bismarck | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: the Zionist Movement | |
| |
| |
| The Basil Program (1897) | |
| |
| |
| |
| "Mark Them with Your Dead!": The Scramble for Global Empire | |
| |
| |
| "Send Forth the Best Ye Breed!": the Foundations of Imperialism | |
| |
| |
| Racism and the Corruption of Science | |
| |
| |
| The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin | |
| |
| |
| The Standpoint of Science (1900), Karl Pearson | |
| |
| |
| For God and Country | |
| |
| |
| The Mandate System: Britain's Duty in Egypt (1890) , Joseph Chamberlain | |
| |
| |
| "France Must Be a Great Country!" (1883), Jules Ferry | |
| |
| |
| Germany's Place in the Sun (1900), Kaiser Wilhelm II | |
| |
| |
| The White Man's Burden (1899), Rudyard Kipling | |
| |
| |
| "To Seek Another's Profit and Work Another's Gain" | |
| |
| |
| "Your New-Caught Sullen Peoples" | |
| |
| |
| Education in India: "The Intrinsic Superiority of Western Literature" (1835), Thomas Babington Macaulay | |
| |
| |
| Foreign Children, Robert Louis Stevenson | |
| |
| |
| "A Natural Inclination to Submit to a Higher Authority" (1893) | |
| |
| |
| Sir Frederick Dealtry Lugard | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror "The Judgment of Your Peers" | |
| |
| |
| The "White Man's Face": Terror in the Congo, Frederick Starr | |
| |
| |
| The Battle Hymn of the Republic (Brought Down to Date), Mark Twain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fin de Siécle: the Birth of the Modern Era | |
| |
| |
| The Woman Question and Anti-Feminism | |
| |
| |
| Seneca Falls Declaration (1848) | |
| |
| |
| "Sisters of America! Your Sisters of France Are United with You" (1851) | |
| |
| |
| Pauline Roland and Jeanne Deroine | |
| |
| |
| Against Woman Suffrage (1884), Francis Parkman | |
| |
| |
| "The Brain Weight of Women is Five Ounces Less Than That of Men" (1887), George Romanes | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: the Independent Woman | |
| |
| |
| A Doll's House (1879), Henrik Ibsen | |
| |
| |
| "This Is the Logic of Demons!", Josephine Butler | |
| |
| |
| "I Incite This Meeting to Rebellion" (1912), Emmeline Pankhurst | |
| |
| |
| The Revolt Against Reason | |
| |
| |
| Faith, Love, and Hope: "Enough! Enough!" (1887), Friedrich Nietzsche | |
| |
| |
| "God Is Dead!", Friedrich Nietzsche | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: the Insular World of Edvard Munch | |
| |
| |
| Scream (1893), Edvard Munch | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Twentieth Century and Beyond | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Great War (1914-1918) | |
| |
| |
| The Road to War | |
| |
| |
| The Celebration of War | |
| |
| |
| "Without War, No State Could Exist", Heinrich von Treitschke | |
| |
| |
| "Blind Obedience to Primitive Instincts" (1910), Norman Angell | |
| |
| |
| The Lamps Go Out Over Europe | |
| |
| |
| Statutes of "The Black Hand" | |
| |
| |
| Assassination at Sarajevo: the Plot and Murder (June 28, 1914) | |
| |
| |
| "The Sword is Drawn!" (August 18, 1914), Kaiser Wilhelm II | |
| |
| |
| "They Shall Not Pass": the Great War (1914-1918) | |
| |
| |
| The Horror of Battle | |
| |
| |
| The Battle of Verdun (February December 1916) | |
| |
| |
| The Battle of the Somme (July November 1916) | |
| |
| |
| No Man's Land, J. Knight-Adkin | |
| |
| |
| "What Are You Fighting For, Michel?" | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: Glory in the Skies: the Red Baron | |
| |
| |
| "An Englishman for Breakfast" Baron Manfred von Richthofen | |
| |
| |
| "On the Other Side of the Boundary" Ernst Udet | |
| |
| |
| It Is Sweet and Proper to Die for One's Country | |
| |
| |
| Five Souls W. N. Ewer | |
| |
| |
| A German War Letter: "One Blood-Soaked, Corpse-Strewn Field" Richard Schiemder | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: the Nightmare of Otto Dix | |
| |
| |
| Dance of Death in the Year 17: Dead Man Hill | |
| |
| |
| Aftermath: the Light That Failed | |
| |
| |
| "This Is the Way the World Ends" | |
| |
| |
| A German Soldier Returns Home: "A Complete Stranger" Anna Eisenmenger | |
| |
| |
| "If You Want to Endure Life Prepare for Death" Sigmund Freud | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Russian Revolution and the Development of the Soviet State (1917���1939) | |
| |
| |
| The Provisional Government (March November 1917) | |
| |
| |
| "A New, Free Russia Is Born!": First Declaration of the Provisional Government (March 19, 1917) | |
| |
| |
| The April Theses (April 20, 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| The Bolshevik Revolution (November December 1917) | |
| |
| |
| The Overthrow of the Provisional Government: "A New Page in the History of Russia" V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| "Little Good Is to Be Expected" (November 8, 1917) Izvestia | |
| |
| |
| Censorship of the Press (November 9, 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| Establishment of the Secret Police (December 20, 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| The Aftermath of Revolution (1917-1928) | |
| |
| |
| State and Revolution: the Transition from Capitalism to Communism (August 1917) V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| "Days of Grueling Work" Alexandra Kollontai | |
| |
| |
| The Communist Emancipation of Women (1920) V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| "Stalin Is Too Rude" (January 4, 1923) V. I. Lenin | |
| |
| |
| Stalin's Falsification of History (1927) Leon Trotsky | |
| |
| |
| The Development of the Totalitarian State (1928-1938) | |
| |
| |
| The Artistic Vision: the Soviet Creation of Belief | |
| |
| |
| Industrial Worker and Collective Farm Girl (1937) Vera Mukhina | |
| |
| |
| The Soviet Control of Society | |
| |
| |
| Industrialization: "Either Perish or Overtake Capitalistic Countries" (1931) Joseph Stalin | |
| |
| |
| Collectivization and the Liquidation of the Kulaks (1929) Joseph Stalin | |
| |
| |
| "For the Fatherland!" (1936) pravda | |
| |
| |
| The Purge Trials: "Traitors Must Be Shot Like Dirty Dogs!" (1938) Andrei Vyshinsky | |
| |
| |
| The Gulag: "Stalin's Sadistic Nature Thirsted for Blood!" (1938) | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror the Orwellian World | |
| |
| |
| "Power Is in Tearing Human Minds to Pieces" George Orwell | |
| |
| |
| |
| Europe between the Wars: Fascism and the Nazi Rise to Power (1919���1939) | |
| |
| |
| The Legacy of World War I | |
| |
| |
| The Rise of Benito Mussolini | |
| |
| |
| "The State's Authority Was Ready for the Grave" (1922) | |
| |
| |
| The Fascist March on Rome (October 26, 1922) | |
| |
| |
| The Doctrine of Fascism: "This Will Be the Century of the State" | |
| |
| |
| "Germany in Her Deepest Humiliation" | |
| |
| |
| "I Resolved Now to Become a Politician" Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "Stabbed in the Back" (1919) Paul von Hindenburg | |
| |
| |
| The Treaty of Versailles (1919) | |
| |
| |
| The Weimar Republic | |
| |
| |
| Germany's Unstable Democracy: the Best and Worst of Times | |
| |
| |
| The Weimar Constitution: Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Germans (1919) | |
| |
| |
| Inflation: "The Boiling Kettle of a Wicked Witch" Lilo Linke | |
| |
| |
| Hitler's Response to Germany's Problems | |
| |
| |
| The Nazi Program (1920) | |
| |
| |
| Nazi Political Rally Announcement (February 1921) National Socialist German Workers' Party | |
| |
| |
| Nazi Appeal and Victory | |
| |
| |
| Nazi Propaganda | |
| |
| |
| Nationalists, Socialists, and Jews (1930) Joseph Goebbels | |
| |
| |
| Free Germany! (1932) | |
| |
| |
| Nazi Victory by the Numbers: Elections to the German Reichstag (1924���1932) | |
| |
| |
| Chancellor to Dictator | |
| |
| |
| Decree for the Protection of the People and State (February 28, 1933) | |
| |
| |
| The Enabling Act (March 24, 1933) | |
| |
| |
| Law Against the New Formation of Parties (July 14, 1933) | |
| |
| |
| Law Concerning the Head of the German State (August 1, 1934) | |
| |
| |
| The Role of the Family in the Nazi State | |
| |
| |
| "Our Fanatical Fellow-Combatants" (September 8, 1934) Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "The Disenfranchisement of Women" Hanna Schmitt | |
| |
| |
| Hitler Youth: "Tough As Leather, Hard As Krupp Steel" Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| Conversion and Resistance | |
| |
| |
| "Now I Know Which Road to Take" Joseph Goebbels | |
| |
| |
| "I Had Given Him My Heart" Kurt Ludecke | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: "Guilty! Guilty! Guilty!" | |
| |
| |
| Leaflets of "The White Rose" (1942) Hans and Sophie Scholl | |
| |
| |
| |
| "The Abyss Also Looks into You": War and Holocaust (1939-1945) | |
| |
| |
| The Road to War (1938���1939) | |
| |
| |
| The Czechoslovak Crisis (September 1938 March 1939) | |
| |
| |
| "The Misery of the Sudeten Germans Is Indescribable" (September 12, 1938) Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "Czechoslovakia Has Ceased to Exist" (March 15, 1939) Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "I Bitterly Regret What Has Now Occurred" (March 15, 1939) Neville Chamberlain | |
| |
| |
| The Invasion of Poland (September 1939) | |
| |
| |
| "Our Enemies Are Little Worms" (August 22, 1939) Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "Everything I Have Hoped for Has Crashed into Ruins" (September 3, 1939) Neville Chamberlain | |
| |
| |
| Total War (1939-1943) | |
| |
| |
| The Battlefield and the Homefront | |
| |
| |
| Alone: "Their Finest Hour" (June 18, 1940) Winston Churchill | |
| |
| |
| The Battle of Britain: "So Much Owed by So Many to So Few" (August 20, 1940) Winston Churchill | |
| |
| |
| London Aflame! Mrs. Robert Henrey | |
| |
| |
| "A Date Which Will Live in Infamy" President Franklin Delano Roosevelt | |
| |
| |
| Women in the Factories: "My Hands Are as Smooth as the Steel I Worked On" Elizabeth Hawes | |
| |
| |
| The Jewish Holocaust (1923-1945) | |
| |
| |
| "The Jews Are the Cause of Our Misfortune!" | |
| |
| |
| The Jewish Peril (April 1923) Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "Not a Single Jew" (1932) | |
| |
| |
| "I Got You at Last, You Little German Girl!" (1938) Ernst Hiemer | |
| |
| |
| The Radicalization of Anti-Semitism (1938-1941) | |
| |
| |
| "Jewish Ghettos Shall Have to Be Created" (November 12, 1938) | |
| |
| |
| "The Annihilation of the Jewish Race in Europe!" (January 30, 1939) Adolf Hitler | |
| |
| |
| "The Jews Are to Blame!" (1941) Joseph Goebbels | |
| |
| |
| The Final Solution (1942-1945) | |
| |
| |
| "A Complete Solution to the Jewish Question" (July 31, 1941) Hermann Goering | |
| |
| |
| The Wansee Conference (January 20, 1942) | |
| |
| |
| The Death Camps: "Work Makes You Free" | |
| |
| |
| Sites of Nazi Concentration Camps | |
| |
| |
| Genocide Rudolf Hoess | |
| |
| |
| The Pit Hermann Grabe | |
| |
| |
| Gas Kurt Gerstein | |
| |
| |
| Mobile Killing | |
| |
| |
| Nazi Medical Experiments Dr. Franz Blaha | |
| |
| |
| Commandant of Auschwitz Rudolf Hoess | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: Jewish Resistance | |
| |
| |
| Nazi Problems in the Warsaw Ghetto (May 1, 1943) Joseph Goebbels | |
| |
| |
| The Destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto (May 1943) Jürgen Stroop | |
| |
| |
| Manifesto of the Jewish Resistance in Vilna (September 1943) | |
| |
| |
| Götterdammerung: the Final Destruction (1944���1945) | |
| |
| |
| The D-Day Invasions (June 6, 1944) | |
| |
| |
| The Paratrooper: "He Was Blown Away" Ken Russell | |
| |
| |
| The Assault on Omaha Beach: "I'm Hit! I'm Hit!" Harold Baumgarten | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror Fiftieth Anniversary of D-Day | |
| |
| |
| "When They Were Young, These Men Saved the World" President Bill Clinton | |
| |
| |
| The Vision at Sixty-Five President Barack Obama | |
| |
| |
| The Funeral Oration of Pericles Thucydides | |
| |
| |
| The Aftermath of War | |
| |
| |
| The Destruction of Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Harry S Truman | |
| |
| |
| Nuremberg: the Crimes of the Nazi Regime Justice Robert H. Jackson | |
| |
| |
| The Existential Perspective (1956) Jean-Paul Sartre | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Era of the Superpowers: Cold War Confrontation (1945-1990) | |
| |
| |
| Retrenchment (1945-1960) | |
| |
| |
| The Reconstruction of Europe | |
| |
| |
| The Marshall Plan (June 1947) George C. Marshall | |
| |
| |
| Program for the Welfare State: the Beveridge Report | |
| |
| |
| The Retreat from Empire | |
| |
| |
| Vietnam: "Determined to Fight to the Bitter End" (1945) Ho Chi Minh | |
| |
| |
| British Rule in India (1946) JAWAHARLAL NEHRU | |
| |
| |
| The Arab Nationalist Movement and Revolution (1958) Abdul Gamal Nasser | |
| |
| |
| The Cold War (1945���1990) | |
| |
| |
| The "Superpower" Rivalry | |
| |
| |
| The Soviet Victory: Capitalism Versus Communism (February 1946) Joseph Stalin | |
| |
| |
| "An Iron Curtain Has Descended Across the Continent" (March 1946) Sir Winston Churchill | |
| |
| |
| The Truman Doctrine (March 1947) Harry S Truman | |
| |
| |
| Marx Was Wrong: the Flaws of Communism (1953) Theodore White | |
| |
| |
| How to Spot a Communist (1955) | |
| |
| |
| Currents of Dissent | |
| |
| |
| The New Class (1957) Milovan Djilas | |
| |
| |
| "The Victory of Communism Is Inevitable!" | |
| |
| |
| The Secret Speech (1962) Nikita Khrushchev | |
| |
| |
| Prague Spring: the Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) | |
| |
| |
| "A World Turned Upside Down!": the Gorbachev Era | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: Cracks in the Berlin Wall | |
| |
| |
| "Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall!" (June 12, 1987) President Ronald Reagan | |
| |
| |
| Perestroika and the Socialist Renewal of Society (September 11, 1989) Mikhail Gorbachev | |
| |
| |
| Gorbachev's Resignation: "This Society Has Acquired Freedom" (December 25, 1991) Mikhail Gorbachev | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Dynamics of Change in the Contemporary World (1990-2010) | |
| |
| |
| Political and Economic Initiatives | |
| |
| |
| A United Germany in a United Europe (June 5, 1990) Helmut Kohl | |
| |
| |
| The Reconciliation of France and Germany (September 24, 1990) Franà ois Mitterrand | |
| |
| |
| "Czechoslovakia Is Returning to Europe" (February 21, 1990) VÃ clav Havel | |
| |
| |
| Communism: "Far Away from the Mainstream of Civilization" (December 31, 1999) Vladimir Putin | |
| |
| |
| Monetary Union: Europe's Global Role (1998) Lawrence H. Summers | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Strife and Terrorism | |
| |
| |
| Ethnic Strife in Eastern Europe (April 15, 1994) Helmut Tuerk | |
| |
| |
| Crimes Against Humanity: "Ethnic Cleansing" in Serbia (1992) | |
| |
| |
| The Reflection in the Mirror: Balkan Crimes | |
| |
| |
| "We Are Witnesses to a Process of Death in the Balkans" (January 12, 1994) Pope John Paul II | |
| |
| |
| "We Wage a War to Save Civilization Itself" (2001) President George W. Bush | |
| |
| |
| The Islamic World and the West | |
| |
| |
| "Fanaticism Is Not a State of Religion, But a State of Mind" (July 11, 2005) Prime Minister Tony Blair | |
| |
| |
| "This Is Going to Be Freedom's Century" (March 29, 2006) President George W. Bush | |
| |
| |
| Turkey and the European Union (2009) President Barack Obama | |
| |
| |
| Against the Grain: the Future of the West | |
| |
| |
| "A New Beginning" (June 4, 2009) President Barack Obama | |
| |
| |
| "The Burqa Is Not Welcome in France": the Press Conference (June 6, 2009) | |
| |
| |
| President Barack Obama and President Nicholas Sarkozy | |