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| Preface | |
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| The Nature of Morality | |
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| Objectives | |
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| What is Philosophy and Ethics Relationship to It? | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Approaches to the Study of Morality | |
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| Morality and Its Applications | |
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| Where Does Morality Come From? | |
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| Customary or Traditional and Reflective Morality | |
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| Morality, Law, and Religion | |
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| Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development | |
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| Why Should Human Beings Be Moral? | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Consequentialist (Teleological) Theories of Morality | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Psychological Egoism | |
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| Ethical Egoism | |
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| Utilitarianism | |
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| Difficulty with Consequentialist Theories in General | |
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| Care Ethics | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) Theories of Morality | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Act Nonconsequentialist Theories | |
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| Rule Nonconsequentialist Theories | |
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| General Criticisms of Nonconsequentialist Theories | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Virtue Ethics | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Definition of Terms | |
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| Aristotles Nichomachean Ethics | |
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| Confucian Moral Self-Cultivation | |
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| Confucian Role Ethics | |
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| Contemporary Analysis of Virtue Ethics | |
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| Who Is The Ideal Virtuous Person? | |
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| Vice and Virtue | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Excersices for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Absolutism versus Relativism | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Meanings of Absolute | |
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| The Meaning of Relative | |
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| Cultural Relativism and Cultural Absolutism | |
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| Propositions and Truth | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Freedom versus Determinism | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Meaning of Determinism | |
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| Types and Theories of Determinism | |
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| Fatalism and Hard and Soft Determinism | |
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| Indeterminism | |
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| Criticisms of Hard Determinism and Arguments for Freedom | |
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| Conclusion: Soft Determinism | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Reward and Punishment | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Definition of Key Terms | |
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| Reward and Punishment in Relationship to Justice | |
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| Elements of Justice | |
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| Reward | |
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| Theories of How to Reward | |
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| John Rawls and His Theory of Justice | |
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| Punishment | |
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| Theories of Punishment | |
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| Is a Synthesis Possible? | |
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| Human Rights | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Notes | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| Setting Up a Moral System: Basic Assumptions and Basic Principles | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Conflicting General Moral Issues | |
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| Basic Assumptions | |
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| Basic Principles, Individual Freedom, and Their Justification | |
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| Priority of the Basic Principles | |
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| A General Way of Determining Priority | |
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| Two Categories | |
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| How the System of Humanitarian Ethics Works | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |
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| Exercises for Review | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Note | |
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| Research Navigator | |
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| The Taking of Human Life | |
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| Objectives | |
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| The Taking of Human Life | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Defense of the Innocent (the Self Included) | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| WarTerrorism | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Capital Punishment | |
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| Cases for Study and Discussion | |
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| Chapter Summary | |