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| Preface for Students: Using This Book | |
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| Preface for Instructors | |
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| The Writing Process | |
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| Assessing the Writing Situation | |
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| Understanding how writing happens | |
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| Analyzing the writing situation | |
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| Discovering and limiting a subject | |
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| Defining a purpose | |
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| Considering the audience | |
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| Developing and Shaping Ideas | |
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| Discovering ideas | |
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| Developing a thesis | |
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| Organizing ideas Sample essay | |
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| Drafting and Revising | |
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| Writing the first draft | |
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| Revising the first draft | |
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| Examining a sample revision | |
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| Editing the revised draft | |
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| Preparing and proofReading the final draft | |
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| Examining a sample final draft | |
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| Giving and receiving comments | |
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| Preparing a writing portfolio | |
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| Writing and Revising Paragraphs | |
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| Maintaining paragraph unity | |
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| Achieving paragraph coherence | |
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| Developing the paragraph | |
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| Writing special kinds of paragraphs | |
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| Linking paragraphs in the essay | |
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| Designing Documents | |
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| Designing academic papers and other documents | |
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| Considering principles of design | |
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| Using the elements of design | |
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| Using illustrations | |
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| Considering readers with disabilities | |
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| Reading And Writing In College | |
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| Developing Academic Skills | |
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| Managing your time | |
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| Listening and taking notes in class | |
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| Reading for comprehension | |
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| Becoming an academic writer | |
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| Preparing for exams | |
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| Forming a Critical Perspective | |
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| Using techniques of critical Reading | |
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| Developing a critical response | |
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| Viewing images critically | |
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| Writing in Academic Situations | |
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| Writing in response to texts | |
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| Determining purpose | |
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| Analyzing audience | |
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| Choosing structure and content | |
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| Using academic language | |
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| Examining sample critical responses | |
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| Sample critique of a text | |
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| Sample critique of an image | |
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| Reading Arguments Critically | |
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| Recognizing the elements of argument | |
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| Testing claims | |
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| Weighing evidence | |
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| Discovering assumptions | |
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| Watching language, hearing tone | |
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| Judging reasonableness | |
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| Recognizing fallacies | |
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| Writing an Argument | |
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| Finding a subject | |
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| Conceiving a thesis statement | |
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| Analyzing your purpose and your audience | |
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| Using reason | |
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| Using evidence | |
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| Reaching your readers | |
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| Organizing your argument | |
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| Revising your argument | |
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| Examining a sample argument | |
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| Reading and Using Visual Arguments | |
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| Reading visual arguments critically | |
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| Using visual arguments effectively | |
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| Grammatical Sentences | |
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| Understanding Sentence Grammar | |
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| Understanding the basic sentence | |
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| Expanding the basic sentence with single words | |
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| Expanding the basic sentence with word groups | |
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| Compounding words, phrases, and clauses | |
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| Changing the usual word order | |
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| Classifying sentences | |
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| Case of Nouns and Pronouns | |
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| Compound subjects and complements | |
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| Compound objects | |
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| Weorus with a noun | |
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| Appositives | |
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| Pronoun afterthan oras in a comparison | |
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| Subjects and objects of infinitives | |
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| Who whom | |
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| Case before a gerund | |
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| Verbs Verb Forms | |
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| Regular and irregular verbs | |
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| Sit and set lie andlay rise andraise | |
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| Omitted-s and-ed endings | |
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| Helping verbs | |
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| Verb plus gerund or infinitive | |
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| Verb plus Particle Tense | |
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| Appropriate tense for meaning | |
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| Sequence of tenses Mood | |
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| Subjunctive verb forms Voice | |
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| Active vs passive voice | |
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| Agreement | |
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| Agreement between subject and verb | |
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| Agreement between pronoun and antecedent | |
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| Adjectives and Adverbs | |
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| Adjectives only with nouns and pronouns | |
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| Adjectives after linking verbs | |
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| Adjectives with objects adverbs with verbs | |
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| Comparative and superlative forms | |
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| Double negatives | |
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| Overuse of nouns as modifiers | |
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| Present and past Participles as adjectives | |
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| A, an, the, and other determiners | |
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| Clear Sentences | |
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| Sentence Fragments | |
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| Tests for sentence completeness revision of fragments | |
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| Subordinate clause | |
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| Verbal or prepositional phrase | |
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| Other fragments | |
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| Acceptable uses of incomplete sentences | |
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| Comma Splices and Fused Sentences Comma Splices | |
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| Main clauses not joined by coordinating conjunction | |
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| Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression Fused Sentences | |
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| Main clauses with no conjunction or punctuation | |
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| Pronoun Reference | |
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| Clear reference to one antecedent | |
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| Clear placement of pronoun and antecedent | |
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| Reference to specific antecedent | |
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| Indefinite use ofyou | |
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| Clear use ofit | |
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| Appropriate use ofwho, which, that | |
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| Shifts | |
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| Person and number | |
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| Tense and mood | |
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| Subject and voice | |
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| Indirect and direct quotations and questions | |
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| Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers Misplaced Modifiers | |
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| Clear placement of modifiers | |
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| Limiting modifiers | |
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| Squinting modifiers | |
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| Separation of subjects, verbs, and objects | |
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| Separation of Parts of infinitives or verb phrases | |
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| Position of adverbs | |
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| Order of adjectives Dangling modifiers | |
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| Dangling modifiers | |
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| Mixed and Incomplete Sentences | |
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| Mixed Sentences | |
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| Mixed grammar | |
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| Mixed meaning (faulty predication) | |
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| Incomplete Sentences | |
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| Compound constructions | |
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| Comparisons | |
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| Careless omissions | |
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| Effective Sentences | |
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| Emphasizing Ideas | |
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| Using subjects and verbs effectively | |
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| Using sentence beginnings and endings | |
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| Arranging parallel elements effectively | |
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| Repeating ideas | |
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| Separating ideas | |
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| Being concise | |
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| Using Coordination and Subordination | |
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| Coordinating to relate equal ideas | |
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| Subordinating to distinguish main ideas | |
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| Choosing clear connectors | |
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| Using Parallelism | |
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| Using parallelism for coordinate elements | |
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| Using parallelism to increase coherence | |
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| Achieving Variety | |
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| Varying sentence length and structure | |
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| Varying sentence beginnings | |
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| Inverting the normal word order | |
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| Mixing types of sentences | |
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| Punctuation Chart | |
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| End Punctuation | |
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| The period | |
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| The question mark | |
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| The exclamation point | |
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| The Comma | |
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| Main clauses linked by coordinating conjunction | |
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| Introductory elements | |
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| Nonessential elements | |
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| Absolute phrases | |
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| Phrases expressing contrast | |
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| Series and coordinate adjectives | |
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| Dates, addresses, place names, long numbers | |
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| With quotations | |
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| To prevent misReading | |
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| Misuse and overuse | |
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| The Semicolon | |
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| Main clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction | |
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| Main clauses related by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression | |
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| Main clauses that are complicated or contain commas | |
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| Series items that are long or contain commas | |
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| Misuse and overuse | |
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| The Apostrophe | |
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| Possession | |
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| Misuse with noun plurals, verbs, and personal pronouns | |
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| Contractions | |
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| Plurals of abbreviations, dates, and words or characters named as words | |
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| Quotation Marks Chart | |
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| Direct quotations | |
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| Quotation within a quotation | |
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| Dialog | |
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| Titles of songs, short stories, etc | |
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| Words used in a special sense | |
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| Overuse | |
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| Placement with other quotation marks | |
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| Other Punctuation Marks | |
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| The colon | |
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| The dash | |
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| Parentheses | |
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| Brackets | |
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| The ellipsis mark | |
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| The slash | |
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| Mechanics | |
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| Capitals | |
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| First word of a sentence | |
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| Titles of works | |
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| Pronoun I and interjectionO | |
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| Proper nouns and adjectives | |
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| Titles before proper names | |
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| Misuses of capitals | |
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| Italics or Underlining | |
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| Titles of books and periodicals | |
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| Names of ships, aircraft, spacecraft, trains | |
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| Foreign words and phrases | |
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| Words, letters, and numbers named as words | |
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| For emphasis | |
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| In online communication | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Titles before and after proper names | |
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| Familiar abbreviations and acronyms | |
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| BC, BCE, AD, CE, AM, PM, no and$ | |
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| Latin abbreviations | |
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| Misuse with units of measurement, geographical names, etc | |
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| Numbers | |
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| Numerals vs | |
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| For dates, addresses, etc | |
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| Beginning sentences | |
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| Effective Words | |
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| Using Appropriate Language | |
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| Revising nonstandard dialect | |
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| Revising shortcuts of online communication | |
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| Using slang only when appropriate | |
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| Using colloquial language only when appropriate | |
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| Revising neologisms | |
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| Using technical words with care | |
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| Revising indirect or pretentious writing | |
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| Revising sexist and other biased language | |
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| Using Exact Language | |
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| Using a dictionary and a thesaurus | |
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| Using the right word for your meaning | |
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| Balancing the abstract and concrete, the general and specific | |
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| Using idioms | |
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| Using figurative language | |
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| Using fresh expressions | |
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| Writing Concisely | |
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| Focusing on subject and verb | |
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| Cutting or shortening empty words and phrases | |
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| Cutting unnecessary repetition | |
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| Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words | |
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| Eliminatingthere is, here is andit is constructions | |
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| Combining sentences | |
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| Rewriting jargon | |
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| Spelling and the Hyphen | |
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| Recognizing typical spelling problems | |
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| Following spelling rules | |
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| Developing spelling skills | |
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| Using the hyphen to form or divide words | |
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| Research Writing | |
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| Planning a Research Project | |
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| Starting out | |
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| Finding a researchable subject and question | |
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| Developing a research strategy | |
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| Making a working, annotated bibliography | |
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| Finding Sources | |
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| Finding sources through your library's Web site | |
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| Searching electronically | |
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| Finding reference works | |
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| Finding books | |
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| Finding periodicals | |
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| Finding sources on the Web | |
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| Finding other online sources | |
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| Finding government publications | |
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| Finding images, audio, and video | |
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| Generating your own sources | |
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| Working with Sources | |
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| Evaluating sources | |
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| Synthesizing sources | |
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| Mining and interacting with sources | |
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| Using summary, paraphrase, and quotation | |
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| Integrating sources into your text | |
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| Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources | |
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| Committing and detecting plagiarism on the Internet | |
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| Knowing what you need not acknowledge | |
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| Knowing what youmust acknowledge | |
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| Acknowledging online sources | |
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| Documenting sources | |
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| Writing the Paper | |
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| Developing a thesis statement | |
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| Creating a structure | |
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| Drafting the paper | |
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| Revising and editing the paper | |
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| Preparing and proofReading the final draft | |
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| Using MLA Documentation and Format | |
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| Using MLA in-text citations | |
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| Preparing the MLA list of works cited | |
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| Using MLA document format | |
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| Two Research Papers in MLA Style | |
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| The False Promise of Green Consumerism" | |
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| Annie Dillard's Healing Visio | |
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| Writing In The Academic Disciplines | |
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| Working with the Goals and Requirementsof the Disciplines | |
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| Using methods and evidence | |
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| Understanding writing assignments | |
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| Using tools and language | |
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| Following styles for source citations and document format | |
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| Reading and Writing About Literature | |
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| Using the methods and evidence of literary analysis | |
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| Understanding writing assignments in literature | |
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| Using the tools and language of literary analysis | |
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| Citing sources and formatting documents in writing about literature | |
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| Drafting and revising a literary analysis | |
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| Sample analysis of a short story | |
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| Writing about fiction, poetry, and drama | |
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| Sample analysis of a poem | |
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| Sample analysis of a play | |
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| Writing in Other Humanities | |
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| Using the methods and evidence of the humanities | |
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| Understanding writing assignments in the humanities | |
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| Using the tools and language of the humanities | |
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| Citing sources in Chicago style | |
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| Formatting documents in Chicago style | |
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| Writing in the Social Sciences | |
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| Using the methods and evidence of the social sciences | |
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| Understanding writing assignments in the social sciences | |
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| Using the tools and language of the social sciences | |
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| Citing sources in APA style | |
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| Formatting documents in APA style | |
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| Examining a sample social science paper | |
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| Writing in the Natural and Applied Sciences | |
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| Using the methods and evidence of the sciences | |
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| Understanding writing assignments in the sciences | |
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| Using the tools and language of the sciences | |
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| Citing sources in CSE style | |
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| Formatting documents in CSE style | |
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| Examining a sample science paper | |
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| Special Writing Situations | |
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| Essay Examinations | |
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| Preparing for an essay examination | |
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| Planning your time and your answer | |
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| Starting the essay | |
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| Developing the essay | |
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| Sample essay exams | |
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| ReReading the essay | |
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| Writing Online | |
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| Writing effective e-mail | |
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| Collaborating online | |
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| Creating effective Web compositions | |
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| Public Writing | |
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| Writing business letters and memos | |
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| Sample letter and memo | |
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| Writing a job application | |
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| Sample letter and r�sum�s | |
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| Writing business reports and proposals | |
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| Sample report and proposal | |
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| Writing for community work | |
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| Sample flyer, newsletter, and brochure | |
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| Oral Presentations | |
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| Writing and speaking | |
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| Considering purpose and audience | |
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| Organizing the presentation | |
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| Delivering the presentation | |
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| Glossary of Usage | |
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| Glossary of Terms | |
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| Index | |