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| Reading Genres, Analyzing Arguments | |
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| Introduction to Genre | |
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| What Is Genre? | |
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| The Social Settings of Genres | |
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| The Characteristics of Genres | |
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| The Functions of Genres | |
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| Audience Expectations and Genre | |
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| The Writer and Genre | |
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| Choices Writers Make: Rhetorical Situation and Genre | |
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| The Rhetorical Situation | |
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| Academic Genres | |
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| Civic Genres | |
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| Transformations: the Flexibility of Genres | |
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| Genre Blurring: What Is It? Why Do It? | |
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| An Example of Genre Blurring: the Travel Memoir | |
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| Sara Schneider (student), Just Another Beautiful Thunderstorm: A Travel Memoir | |
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| Genre Crossing: What Is It? Why Do It? | |
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| An Example of Genre Crossing: From Open Letter to Research Report | |
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| Gloria Ramos (student), Same-Sex Marriage: An Open Letter to Social Conservatives | |
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| Transforming the Open Letter to a Research Report | |
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| Gloria Ramos (student), A Report on Same-Sex Marriage in America: A Human Right, a Family Right (APA Format Paper) | |
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| Critical Reading and Analysis Strategies | |
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| What Is Critical Reading? | |
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| Why Read Critically? | |
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| Reading a Text for What It Means | |
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| Previewing | |
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| Save the Children, Katrina Response: Protecting the Children of the Storm | |
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| Annotating | |
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| Terry Starkey Williston, A View to the Contrary | |
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| Outlining | |
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| Summary | |
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| Response | |
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| Ray French, Taking Back Our Tuition: Students Need to Push to Keep College Affordable | |
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| Reading a Text for How It Works | |
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| Jay Weiner, Sports Centered | |
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| Analyzing the Contexts of a Text | |
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| Looking at the Genre | |
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| Looking at the Writer | |
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| Examining the Publication | |
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| Analyzing Parts of a Text | |
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| Looking at Openings and Closings | |
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| Identifying the Writer's Position | |
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| Identifying the Arguments | |
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| Examining the Evidence | |
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| Mary Frances Berry, Gay But Equal? | |
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| Providing Comments for Revision: Practicing Peer Review | |
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| Why Writers and Readers Benefit from Peer Review | |
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| Providing Comments to Help Writers Revise: Specific v. Vague | |
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| Peer Readers: Writing Effective Peer Review Commentary | |
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| Writers: Revising from Peer Feedback | |
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| Analyzing and Writing Arguments | |
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| Arguments and Persuasion: It's Not About Fighting | |
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| Argument and Rhetoric | |
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| Creating Convincing Arguments | |
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| Analyzing Arguments | |
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| Speech Analysis Example | |
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| Barack Obama, Speech Against the Iraq War | |
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| Rhetorical Analysis of Senator Obama's Speech | |
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| WebLinks: the World of Rhetoric | |
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| The Structure of Argument: Claims, Evidence, and Assumptions | |
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| Claims: Claims of Fact, Value, and Policy | |
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| Claims of Fact | |
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| Claims of Value | |
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| Claims of Policy | |
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| Differing Views: Refutation, Concession, and Finding Common Ground | |
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| How Claims Work | |
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| Jim Kuerschner, Big Brother is on the Facebook (excerpt) | |
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| Kinds of Evidence | |
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| Factual Evidence | |
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| Opinions | |
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| Assumptions | |
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| The Scientology Religion (excerpt) | |
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| The Hard and Soft Sell of Argument: Rhetorical Appeals and Language Choices | |
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| Ethos, Logos, and Pathos: the Rhetorical Appeals | |
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| "Humorous" Rhetorical Devices | |
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| Anne Lamott, Sign me up for Barack Obama's death panel! | |
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| Humorous Rhetorical Devices at Work | |
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| The Onion Staff, Homeless People Shouldn't Make You Feel Sad Like That | |
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| Words That Resound: Lexicon, Ultimate Terms, and Repetition | |
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| Rhetorical Analysis | |
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| Joseph Kellard, An Open Letter to Dan Marino | |
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| Writing Assignment: Rhetorical Analysis and Evaluation of An Argument | |
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| Analyzing Visual Rhetoric | |
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| Reading Visual Arguments Critically | |
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| Rhetorical Analysis: "Just Chute Me" Advertising Brochure | |
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| Writing Assignment: Rhetorical Analysis of a Visual Message | |
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| Elements of Visual Rhetoric | |
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| What Readers Consider When They Analyze Visual Messages | |
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| Texts and Images in Visual Messages | |
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| Straightforward Use of Text and Images | |
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| U.S.DePartment of Agriculture, School Supplies' | |
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| The Complex Relationship Between Texts and Images | |
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| Considering the Context for the Image | |
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| Images and Graphics That Support Text | |
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| Photographs | |
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| Borders, Shading, and Other Design Elements | |
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| Charts and Graphs | |
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| Missing? | |
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| The Rhetorical Appeals in Visual Arguments | |
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| Ethos in Visual Arguments | |
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| U.S.Coast Guard, Fishing Tips from Bill Dance | |
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| Pathos and Logos in Visual Arguments | |
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| Yossi Lemel, Blood Bath 2002 | |
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| Claims and Evidence in Visual Arguments | |
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| Todd Davidson, Man Controlling Globe | |
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| Iron Horse Hotel Advertisements | |
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| WebLinks: Exploring Visual Messages | |
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| Visual Design: Fonts, Color, and Arrangement | |
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| U.S.DePartment of Justice, Think Before You Post | |
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| Visual Design and Visual Manipulation | |
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| Time Magazine, O.J. Simpson Photographs | |
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| Theory into Practice: Constructing Your Own Visual Messages | |
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| What Writers Consider When Constructing Visual Messages | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Visual Messages | |
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| Exploring Genres | |
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| Public Letters | |
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| What Is a Public Letter? | |
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| The Purpose of Public Letters | |
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| The Rhetorical Situation of Public Letters | |
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| Reading Public Letters Critically | |
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| Note: Writing Activity: Analyzing the Genre of Public Letters | |
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| Genre Analysis: Walidah Imarisha and Not4Prophet, Dearest Hip Hop (open letter) | |
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| Michael Stinebrink and Tommy Balestracci (student), An Exchange of Letters on College Football Championships | |
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| Anne Lamott, President Obama: Healthcare; You Promised (open letter) | |
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| Christian De Graff, Science in Defense (letter to the editor) | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Public Letters | |
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| Writing Public Letters | |
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| What Writers Consider When They Write Public Letters | |
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| Generating Ideas for Public Letters | |
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| Focusing the Topic: Getting to the Issue | |
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| Writing Activity: Focusing the Topic, Getting to the Issue | |
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| Avoiding Common Pitfalls | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Researching Public Letters | |
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| Searching Your Experiences | |
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| Doing Background Research | |
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| Drafting Public Letters | |
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| Generating Claims | |
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| Organizing Public Letters | |
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| Options for Organizing Public Letters | |
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| Openings and Closings for Public Letters | |
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| Revising Public Letters | |
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| Anticipating Audience Response | |
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| Engaging in the Conversation: Contextualizing Your Letter | |
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| Peer Review for Public Letters | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Public Letters | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| ONE WRITER's JOURNEY: Katie Hicks's Open Letter | |
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| Generating Ideas for the Open Letter | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Drafting the Open Letter | |
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| Revising the Open Letter: Peer Review | |
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| Katie Hicks (student), Dear Uninvolved Parents: An Open Letter (final draft) | |
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| Reflection on Writing an Open Letter | |
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| Transformations: Genre-Crossing from Public Letter to Research Report | |
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| Genre-Crossing Writing Assignment: From Public Letter to Research Report | |
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| Katie Hicks (student), After-School Programs: Benefits for Adolescents, Benefits for Communities (research report) | |
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| Reviews | |
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| What Is a Review? | |
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| The Purpose of Reviews | |
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| The Rhetorical Situation of Reviews | |
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| The Writer's Stance | |
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| Reading Reviews Critically | |
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| Note: Add WA? | |
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| Genre Analysis:Peter Meehan, Will Pigs' Feet Fly? | |
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| Tim Rutten, Review of "The Anatomist: A True Story of Gray's Anatomy" | |
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| John Phillips, 2008 Maserati GranTurismo--Road Test | |
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| Peter Kvetko, Noora: A Golden Voice; Wah Rangiya: Passionate Punjab; Bol Ni Chakkiye: the Singing Wheel of Life | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Reviews | |
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| Writing Reviews | |
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| What Writers Consider When They Write Reviews | |
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| Avoiding Common Pitfalls | |
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| Generating Ideas for Reviews | |
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| WebLinks: the World of Film Reviews | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Researching Reviews | |
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| Doing Background and Contextual Research | |
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| Developing Criteria for Evaluation | |
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| Doing Field Research for Reviews | |
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| Drafting Reviews | |
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| Writing Explicit and Implied Evaluative Thesis Statements | |
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| Generating Claims for Reviews | |
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| Writing Openings for Reviews | |
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| Writing Closings for Reviews | |
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| Revising Reviews | |
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| Balancing Summary/Description and Analysis/Evaluation: the What and the How | |
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| Entering the Conversation: Integrating Reviews of Others into Your Review | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Reviews | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| ONE WRITER's JOURNEY: Patrick Merrigan's Film Review | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation: Developing Criteria | |
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| Drafting: Integrating Background Research | |
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| Drafting: Using Evaluative Language and Tone | |
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| Revising: Balancing Detail with Audience Needs | |
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| Revising the Review: Peer Review | |
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| Patrick Merrigan (student), Superbad:Super Movie or Just Bad? (final draft) | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| Writing Activity: Evaluating One Writer's Journey | |
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| Transformations: Genre Blurring: Rhetorical Analysis of a Documentary | |
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| Genre-Blurring Writing Assignment: Rhetorical Analysis of a Documentary | |
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| Kim Thomassen Strand (student), There Is Nothing Called Hope in My Future: A Rhetorical Analysis of Born Into Brothels | |
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| Essays | |
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| What Is an Essay? | |
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| The Purposes of Essays | |
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| Reading Essays Critically | |
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| Genre Analysis: Jo Ann Beard, Out There | |
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| Jim Kuerschner (student), Big Brother Is on the Facebook | |
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| Jennifer Moses, Stepping Out | |
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| James A. Banks, Remembering Brown: Silence, Loss, Rage, and Hope | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Essays | |
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| Writing Essays | |
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| Generating Ideas for Essays | |
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| Avoiding Common Essay Pitfalls | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Researching Essays | |
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| Writing Activity: Searching Your Experiences | |
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| Doing Background Research | |
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| Incorporating Research | |
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| Drafting Essays | |
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| The Rhetorical Situation and Claims | |
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| The Commentary: Answering the Question "What If?" | |
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| Guidelines for Developing the Commentary in Your Essay: What If [[3dots]]? | |
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| Organizing Essays | |
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| Openings For Essays | |
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| Closings for Essays | |
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| Revising Essays | |
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| The "So What?" Reaction from Readers: Developing Your Commentary | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Essays | |
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| Writing Activity: Reflecting on Writing an Essay | |
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| One Writer's Journey: Colin Keane's Personal Essay | |
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| Generating Ideas for the Personal Essay: Starting with What You Know | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Drafting: Researching Experiences and Connecting to the Larger Issue | |
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| Revising: Focusing on the Subject, Emphasizing Commentary | |
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| Colin Keane (student), Big Change in a Small Town: A Personal Essay (final draft) | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| Transformations: Genre Blurring: the Photographic Essay | |
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| Genre Blurring Writing Assignment: the Photographic Essay | |
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| Michael Coles, Smash Palace--Model Four Hundred | |
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| Memoirs | |
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| What Is a Memoir? | |
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| The Purposes of Memoir | |
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| Reading Memoirs Critically | |
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| Genre Analysis:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Real Food | |
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| Adam King (student), These Stories | |
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| David Sedaris, Let It Snow | |
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| Chitrita Banerji, A Shared Plate | |
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| WebLinks: Creative Nonfiction and Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Memoirs | |
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| Writing Memoirs | |
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| Generating Ideas for Memoirs | |
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| Avoiding Common Pitfalls | |
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| Ethics and Memoir Writing | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Researching Memoirs: Doing Background Research | |
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| Drafting Memoirs | |
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| Developing Ideas: Sensory Descriptions and Concrete Details | |
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| Organizing Memoirs | |
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| Openings for Memoirs | |
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| Closings for Memoirs | |
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| Revising Memoirs | |
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| Reflection: Pointing Out the Larger Significance | |
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| Moving Around in Space and Time | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Memoirs | |
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| One Writer's Journey: Eliza Poulos's Memoir | |
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| Generating Ideas for the Memoir: Recalling Past Experiences | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Drafting the Memoir: Choosing Details and Specifics | |
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| Revising: Developing Reflection in the Memoir | |
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| Eliza Poulos (student), Lucky? (final draft) | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| Transformations: Genre Blurring: the Travel Memoir | |
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| Genre Blurring Writing Assignment: the Travel Memoir | |
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| Ted Conover, On the Trail of Poppa's Alaska | |
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| Profiles | |
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| What Is a Profile? | |
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| The Purposes of Profiles | |
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| Reading Profiles Critically | |
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| Genre Analysis:Larry Rohter, Part of the Carnival Show: the Man Behind the Masks | |
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| Charlie LeDuff, End of the Line | |
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| Elaine Miller, Being Rosie the Riveter | |
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| Mary O. Parker, Bingo! | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Profiles | |
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| Community-based Writing Option | |
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| Writing Profiles | |
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| What Writers Consider When They Write Profiles | |
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| Avoiding Common Profile Pitfalls | |
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| WebLinks: the Genre of Profiles | |
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| Generating Ideas for Profiles | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Researching Profiles: Background Research, Interviewing, and Observing | |
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| Doing Your Homework: Background Research | |
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| Developing Interview Questions and Conducting Interviews | |
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| Observing People and Places | |
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| Drafting Profiles | |
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| Taking Stock: Sorting Through Field Research | |
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| Framing Your Angle | |
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| Showing Versus Telling Your Angle | |
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| Writing Openings for profiles | |
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| Writing Closings for Profiles | |
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| Organizing Your Profile | |
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| Revising Profiles | |
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| Rethinking the Angle | |
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| Incorporating the Writer's Voice | |
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| Incorporating the Subject's Voice | |
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| Visual Rhetoric and Profiles | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Profiles | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| One Writer's Journey: Brynna Williams's Profile | |
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| Generating Ideas for the Profile | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Drafting: Gathering Research, Organizing Ideas, and Discovering the Angle | |
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| Revising: Framing the Angle, Emphasizing the Writer's Perspective | |
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| Brynna Williams (student), Simply Smiles (final draft) | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| Transformations: Genre Crossing from Profile to Brochure | |
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| Genre Crossing Writing Assignment: From Profile to Brochure | |
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| Brynna Williams (student), Simply Smiles: Transforming the Lives of Impoverished Peoples (brochure) | |
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| Research Reports | |
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| What Is a Research Report? | |
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| The Purposes of Research Reports | |
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| Reading Research Reports Critically | |
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| Genre Analysis:RI-PIRG, Rhode Island's Food Safety Net: Ensuring Safe Food from Production to Consumption | |
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| Rich Morin, Black-White Conflict Isn't Society's Largest: the Public Assesses Social Divisions | |
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| Steven Clark, M.D., Alicia Mangram, M.D., Ernest Dunn, M.D., Car Surfing: Case Studies of a GrowingDangerous Phenomenon | |
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| Colonel Elspeth Cameron Ritchie, MC USA, and Robert Andrew Cardona, M.D., U.S. Military Enlisted Accession Mental Health Screening: History and Current Practice | |
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| Writing assignment options: Research Reports | |
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| Writing Research Reports | |
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| Generating Ideas for Research Reports | |
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| Research Report Pitfalls: What to Avoid When Choosing a Topic | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Researching Research Reports | |
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| Drafting Research Reports | |
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| Drafting and Organizing Claims | |
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| Using Your Research | |
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| Openings for Research Reports | |
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| Colin Keane, the Aftermath of September 11 (executive summary) | |
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| Closings for Research Reports | |
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| Revising Research Reports | |
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| Identifying Gaps in Your Research | |
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| Integrating Your Sources | |
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| Design and Layout: Choosing Color, Charts, and Other Visuals | |
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| Peer Review | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Research Reports | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| One Writer's Journey: Patrick Merrigan's Persuasive Research Report | |
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| Generating Ideas for the Research Reports | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation: Writing a Research Topic Proposal | |
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| Researching the Report: Writing the Annotated Bibliography | |
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| Drafting: Writing the Introductory Material | |
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| Revising the Research Report: Working with Sources | |
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| Patrick Merrigan (student), Civic Duties and Young Adults(final draft) | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| Transformations: Genre-Crossing--From Report to Proposal | |
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| Genre-Crossing Writing Assignment: From Report to Proposal | |
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| Patrick Merrigan, Civic Duties: Fixing the Problem of Civic Engagement in Two Easy Steps | |
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| Proposals | |
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| What Is a Proposal? | |
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| The Purpose of Proposals | |
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| The Rhetorical Situation of Proposals | |
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| Reading Proposals Critically | |
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| Genre Analysis:Women's Committee of 100, An Immodest Proposal: Rewarding Women's Work to End Poverty | |
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| Brian Halweil, A Community Farm for Stanford | |
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| James Jay Carafano, Ph.D., Fighting Terrorism, Addressing Liability: A Global Proposal | |
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| Patricia J. Sulak, M.D., Adolescent Sexual Health | |
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| Writing Assignment Options: Proposals | |
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| Writing Proposals | |
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| Generating Ideas for Proposals | |
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| Proposal Pitfalls: What to Avoid When Choosing A Topic | |
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| Narrowing Your Focus: From Topic to Issue | |
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| Thinking about Audience, Purpose, and Situation | |
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| Audience and Issue | |
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| Purpose and Issue | |
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| Situation and Issue | |
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| Arriving at a Solution | |
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| Creating Solutions That Address the Problem | |
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| Researching Proposals | |
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| Conducting Background Research | |
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| Drafting Proposals | |
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| Addressing Differing Views | |
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| Organizing Proposals | |
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| Balancing the Proposal: Emphasizing the Issue or the Problem | |
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| Writing Openings for Proposals | |
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| Writing Closings for Proposals | |
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| Revising Proposals | |
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| Addressing Differing Views | |
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| Matching Solutions to the Problems | |
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| Peer Reviewing | |
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| Peer Review Guidelines: Proposals | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| ONE WRITER's JOURNEY: Christina Schirone's Proposal | |
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| Student Sample: Generating Claims | |
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| Drafting: Developing Differing Views | |
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| Peer Review | |
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| Christina Schirone (student), Union University Needs Our Help (final draft) | |
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| Reflecting on the Process | |
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| Transformations: Genre-Crossing--Public Service Announcement | |
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| Genre-Crossing Writing Assignment: Public Service Announcement | |
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| Christina Schirone (student), Make a Difference | |
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| Portfolios: Representing Yourself as a Writer | |
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| What Is a Writing Portfolio? | |
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| The Purpose of a Writing Portfolio | |
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| The Rhetorical Situation of a Writing Portfolio | |
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| Constructing Writing Portfolios | |
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| Writing a Reflective Letter | |
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| Christina Schirone (student), Reflective Portfolio Letter | |
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| Writing Assignment Option: Reflective Portfolio Letter | |
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| Writing an Introductory Paragraph for Each Item | |
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| Lisa Warford (student), Introductory Paragraph for a Portfolio Selection | |
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| Preparing a Case Study | |
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| Analyzing the Choices You Made | |
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| Revising Your Writing | |
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| Writing the Case Study Commentary | |
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| Revising Your Writing | |
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| Lisa Warford (student), Portfolio Case Study with Revisions | |
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| Reflecting on Peer Review Commentary for Case Studies | |
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| Christina Schirone (student), Portfolio Case Study with Peer Review | |
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| Arranging a Writing Portfolio | |
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| Jenna Clark (student): Arrangement of Portfolio Items | |
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| Preparing a Table of Contents | |
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| Christina Schirone (student), Portfolio Table of Contents | |
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| Preparing an Electronic Portfolio | |
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| Research Methods and Sources | |
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| Research and the Rhetorical Situation | |
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| Why Writers Do Research | |
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| Research and the Rhetorical Situation | |
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| Making Research Meaningful | |
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| Thinking about Research | |
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| Assessing the Topic | |
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| Considering Your Purpose, Audience, and Genre | |
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| Conducting Preliminary Research | |
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| Conducting Background Research | |
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| Asking Questions | |
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| Developing Keyword Search Terms | |
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| Creating a Research Plan | |
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| Gathering Information: Where to Go and Why | |
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| Types of Sources: Primary and Secondary | |
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| Distinguishing Primary and Secondary Sources | |
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| Scholarly and General Secondary Sources | |
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| Media Sources: Film, Television, and Radio | |
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| Locating Sources | |
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| Searching Library Catalogs | |
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| Searching Databases | |
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| Searching the Archives | |
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| Researching on the World Wide Web | |
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| Conducting Field Research | |
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| Why Do Field Research? | |
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| Subjectivity and Field Research | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Observations | |
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| Surveys | |
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| Evaluating Sources | |
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| Evaluating Print Sources | |
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| Evaluating Web Sources | |
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| Writing an Annotated Bibliography | |
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| Using and Citing Sources | |
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| Using Sources | |
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| Using Research for Rhetorical Effects | |
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| Why Writers Use Sources | |
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| Genre and Using Sources | |
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| Using Quotations, Paraphrases, and Summaries | |
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| Direct Quotation | |
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| Guidelines for Direct Quotations | |
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| Paraphrase | |
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| Paraphrasing Difficulties | |
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| Guidelines for Paraphrasing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Guidelines for Summarizing | |
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| Integrating and Introducing Sources | |
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| Integrating Sources | |
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| Guidelines for Integrating Sources | |
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| Introducing Sources | |
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| Guidelines for Introducing Sources | |
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| Incorporating Visual Sources | |
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| Synthesizing Your Research | |
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| Pitfall: Using Multiple Sources without Synthesizing | |
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| Guidelines for Synthesizing Sources | |
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| Constructing a Research Chart and Synthesis | |
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| Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Guidelines for What to Cite | |
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| Procrastination and Intentional Plagiarism | |
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| Guidelines for Avoiding Plagiarism | |
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| Documenting Sources | |
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| Making Note of Bibliographic Information | |
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| Finding Bibliographic Information in a Book | |
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| Finding Bibliographic Information for an Abstracted Article | |
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| Finding Bibliographic Information for an Article | |
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| Finding Bibliographic Information for a Web Page | |
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| MLA and APA Documentation Formats | |
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| MLA In-Text Citations | |
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| MLA Works Cited Entries | |
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| APA In-Text Citations | |
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| APA References Entries | |
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| MLA and APA Sample Papers | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |