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| Preface ix | |
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| Communication and Intercultural Competence | |
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| Introduction to Intercultural Competence | |
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| Imperatives for Intercultural Competence | |
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| The Demographic Imperative for Intercultural Competence | |
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| The Technological Imperative for Intercultural Competence | |
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| The Economic Imperative for Intercultural Competence | |
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| The Peace Imperative for Intercultural Competence | |
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| The Interpersonal Imperative for Intercultural Competence | |
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| Communication | |
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| Defining Communication | |
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| Characteristics of Communication | |
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| Interpersonal Communication | |
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| The Challenge of Communicating in an Intercultural World | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Culture and Intercultural Communication | |
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| Culture | |
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| Defining Culture for the Study of Communication | |
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| Culture and Related Terms | |
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| Why Cultures Differ | |
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| Forces That Maintain Cultural Differences | |
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| The Interrelatedness of Cultural Forces | |
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| Intercultural Communication | |
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| Examples of Intercultural Interactions | |
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| Similarities and Differences between Communicators | |
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| Definition of Intercultural Communication | |
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| Intercultural Communication and Related Terms | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Intercultural Communication Competence | |
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| The United States as an Intercultural Community | |
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| Metaphors of U.S. Cultural Diversity | |
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| What Do You Call Someone from the United States of America? | |
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| Cultural Groups in the United States | |
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| Competence and Intercultural Communication | |
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| Intercultural Communication Competence | |
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| The Components of Intercultural Competence | |
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| Basic Tools for Improving Intercultural Competence | |
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| The Basics of Intercultural Competence | |
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| Description, Interpretation, and Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Cultural Differences in Communication | |
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| Cultural Patterns and Communication: Foundations | |
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| Defining Cultural Patterns | |
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| Components of Cultural Patterns | |
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| Beliefs | |
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| Values | |
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| Norms | |
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| Social Practices | |
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| Characteristics of Cultural Patterns | |
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| The Functions of Cultural Patterns | |
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| An Overview of Cultural Patterns | |
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| Cultural Patterns and Intercultural Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Cultural Patterns and Communication: Taxonomies | |
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| Hall's High- and Low-Context Cultural Taxonomy | |
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| Use of Covert and Overt Messages | |
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| Importance of Ingroups and Outgroups | |
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| Orientation to Time | |
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| Hofstede's Cultural Taxonomy | |
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| Power Distance | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance | |
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| Individualism versus Collectivism | |
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| Masculinity versus Femininity | |
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| Long-Term versus Short-Term Time Orientation | |
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| Indulgence versus Restraint | |
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| Monumentalism versus Self-Effacement | |
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| Comparing Hofstede's Dimensions | |
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| The Globe Cultural Taxonomy | |
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| Power Distance | |
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| Uncertainty Avoidance | |
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| In-Group Collectivism | |
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| Institutional Collectivism | |
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| Gender Egalitarianism | |
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| Assertiveness | |
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| Performance Orientation | |
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| Future Orientation | |
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| Humane Orientation | |
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| Comparing the Globe Dimensions | |
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| Cultural Taxonomies and Intercultural | |
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| Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Cultural Identity and Cultural Biases | |
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| Cultural Identity | |
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| The Nature of Identity | |
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| The Formation of Cultural Identity | |
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| Characteristics of Cultural Identity | |
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| Cultural Biases | |
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| Social Categorizing | |
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| Ethnocentrism | |
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| Stereotyping | |
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| Prejudice | |
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| Discrimination | |
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| Racism | |
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| Identity, Biases, and Intercultural | |
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| Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Coding Intercultural Communication | |
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| Verbal Intercultural Communication | |
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| The Power of Language in Intercultural Communication | |
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| Definition of Verbal Codes | |
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| The Features of Language | |
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| Rule Systems in Verbal Codes | |
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| Interpretation and Intercultural Communication | |
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| Language, Thought, Culture, and Intercultural Communication | |
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| The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity | |
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| Language and Intercultural Communication | |
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| Verbal Codes and Intercultural Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Nonverbal Intercultural Communication | |
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| Definition of Nonverbal Codes | |
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| Characteristics of Nonverbal Codes | |
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| Relationship of Nonverbal to Verbal Communication | |
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| Cultural Universals in Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communication | |
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| Nonverbal Messages in Intercultural Communication | |
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| Body Movements | |
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| Space | |
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| Touch | |
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| Time | |
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| Voice | |
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| Other Nonverbal Code Systems | |
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| Synchrony of Nonverbal Communication Codes | |
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| Nonverbal Communication and Intercultural Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| The Effects of Code Usage in Intercultural Communication | |
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| Preferences in the Organization of Messages | |
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| Organizational Preferences in the Use of U.S. English | |
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| Organizational Preferences in Other Languages and Cultures | |
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| Cultural Variations in Persuasion | |
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| Persuasion in Intercultural Encounters | |
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| Cultural Differences in What Is Acceptable as Evidence | |
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| Cultural Differences in Styles of Persuasion | |
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| Cultural Variations in the Structure of Conversations | |
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| Value of Talk and Silence | |
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| Rules for Conversations | |
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| Effects of Code Usage on Intercultural Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Communication in Intercultural Relationships | |
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| Intercultural Competence in Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Cultural Variations in Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Types of Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| The Maintenance of Face in Interpersonal Relationships | |
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| Types of Face Needs | |
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| Facework and Interpersonal Communication | |
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| Facework and Intercultural Communication | |
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| Improving Intercultural Relationships | |
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| Learning about People from Other Cultures | |
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| Sharing Oneself with People from Other Cultures | |
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| Handling Differences in Intercultural Relationships | |
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| Interpersonal Relationships and Intercultural Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Episodes, Contexts, and Intercultural Interactions | |
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| Social Episodes in Intercultural Relationships | |
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| The Nature of Social Episodes | |
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| Components of Social Episodes | |
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| Contexts for Intercultural Communication | |
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| The Health Care Context | |
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| The Educational Context | |
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| The Business Context | |
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| Episodes, Contexts, and Intercultural Competence | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| The Potential for Intercultural Competence | |
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| Intercultural Contact | |
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| Dominance and Subordination between Groups | |
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| Attitudes among Cultural Members | |
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| Outcomes of Intercultural Contact | |
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| The Ethics of Intercultural Competence | |
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| When in Rome... | |
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| Are Cultural Values Relative or Universal? | |
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| Do the Ends Justify the Means? | |
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| Ethics-Your Choices | |
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| The Perils and Prospects for Intercultural Competence | |
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| Impact of National and International Events on Intercultural Communication | |
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| Forces That Pull Us Together and Apart | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Summary | |
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| For Discussion | |
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| For Further Reading | |
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| Resources | |
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| Intercultural Films | |
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| Online Resources | |
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| Notes | |
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| Text Credits | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |