| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
Ancient Rhetorics: Their Differences and the Differences They Make | |
| |
| |
Some Differences Between Ancient and Modern ThoughtJust the Facts, Please | |
| |
| |
That's Just Your Opinion | |
| |
| |
On Ideology and the Commonplaces | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Situations | |
| |
| |
Language as Power | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata I: Fable and Tale | |
| |
| |
Notes | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Kairos and the Rhetorical Situation: Seizing the Moment | |
| |
| |
Ancient Depictions of Kairos | |
| |
| |
Kairos As a Means of Invention | |
| |
| |
An Example of Kairos at Work | |
| |
| |
How Urgent or Immediate is the Issue? | |
| |
| |
Arguments and Interests | |
| |
| |
Power Dynamics in a Rhetorical Situation | |
| |
| |
A Web of Related Issues | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata II: Chreia and Proverb | |
| |
| |
| |
Stasis Theory: Asking the Right Questions | |
| |
| |
The Stases and Contrary Arguments | |
| |
| |
Theoretical Versus Practical Questions | |
| |
| |
Putting These Distinctions to Work | |
| |
| |
What Happens When Stasis Is Not Achieved? | |
| |
| |
The Four Questions | |
| |
| |
Elaborating the Questions | |
| |
| |
Using the Stases | |
| |
| |
The First Example: Abortion | |
| |
| |
A Second Example: Hateful Speech | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata III: Confirmation and Refutation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Common Topics and the Commonplaces: Finding the Available Means | |
| |
| |
Ancient Topical Traditions | |
| |
| |
Aristotle's Topical System | |
| |
| |
The Topic of Past and Future Fact (Conjecture) | |
| |
| |
The Common Topic of Greater / Lesser (Degree) | |
| |
| |
The Common Topic of Possible / Impossible (Possibility) | |
| |
| |
Commonplaces and Ideology | |
| |
| |
Commonplaces in American Political Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
Using Common Topics and Commonplaces to Invent Arguments | |
| |
| |
The Common Topic of Conjecture | |
| |
| |
The Common Topic of Degree | |
| |
| |
The Common Topic of Possibility | |
| |
| |
An Extended Example | |
| |
| |
The Example Embedded in a Rhetorical Situation | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata IV: Common-place | |
| |
| |
Notes | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Logical Proof: Reasoning in Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
Probabilities | |
| |
| |
Aristotle on Reasoning in Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
Deduction | |
| |
| |
Induction | |
| |
| |
Enthymemes | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Examples | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Examples - Brief and Extended | |
| |
| |
Fictional Example | |
| |
| |
Analogy | |
| |
| |
Similar and Contrary Examples | |
| |
| |
Using Examples | |
| |
| |
Maxims | |
| |
| |
Signs | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata V: Encomium and Invective | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Ethical Proof: Arguments from Character | |
| |
| |
Ethos in Ancient Rhetorics | |
| |
| |
Invented Ethos | |
| |
| |
Demonstrating Intelligence by Doing the Homework | |
| |
| |
Establishing Good Character | |
| |
| |
Securing Good Will | |
| |
| |
Voice and Rhetorical Distance | |
| |
| |
Grammatical Person | |
| |
| |
Verb Tense and Voice | |
| |
| |
Word Size | |
| |
| |
Qualifiers | |
| |
| |
Punctuation | |
| |
| |
Situated Ethos | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata VI: Comparison and Character | |
| |
| |
Note | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Pathetic Proof: Passionate Appeals | |
| |
| |
Ancient Teachers on the Emotions | |
| |
| |
Emotions as Rhetorical Proofs | |
| |
| |
The Characters of Audiences | |
| |
| |
Composing Passionate Proofs | |
| |
| |
Enargeia | |
| |
| |
Honorific and Pejorative Language | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata VII: Description | |
| |
| |
Note | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Extrinsic Proofs: Arguments Waiting to Be Used | |
| |
| |
Extrinsic Proofs in Ancient Rhetorics | |
| |
| |
Testimony | |
| |
| |
Community Authorities | |
| |
| |
Evaluating Community | |
| |
| |
Authorities | |
| |
| |
Proximate Authorities | |
| |
| |
Data | |
| |
| |
Evaluating Data | |
| |
| |
Some Examples | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata VIII: Thesis | |
| |
| |
Progymnasmata IX: Introduction of Law | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Arrangement | |
| |
| |
| |
Arrangement: Getting It Together | |
| |
| |
Ancient Teachings about Arrangement | |
| |
| |
The Exordium | |
| |
| |
Introductions | |
| |
| |
Topics for Making Audiences Attentive and Receptive | |
| |
| |
Insinuations | |
| |
| |
The Narrative (Statement of the Case) | |
| |
| |
The Partition | |
| |
| |
The Arguments: Confirmation and Refutation | |
| |
| |
The Peroration (Conclusion) | |
| |
| |
Composing a Summary | |
| |
| |
Composing Appeals to the Emotions | |
| |
| |
Enhancing Ethos | |
| |
| |
An Example | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Imitation I: On the Usefulness of Copying | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Style, Memory, and Delivery | |
| |
| |
| |
Style: Composition and Ornament | |
| |
| |
Correctness | |
| |
| |
Clarity | |
| |
| |
Appopriateness: Kairos and Style | |
| |
| |
Ornament | |
| |
| |
Sentence Composition | |
| |
| |
Figurative Language | |
| |
| |
Figures of Thought | |
| |
| |
Tropes | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Imitation II: Inhabiting Through Practice | |
| |
| |
Notes | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Memory: The Treasure-House of Invention | |
| |
| |
Memory and Kairos | |
| |
| |
Memory in Ancient Rhetorics | |
| |
| |
Ancient Memory Systems | |
| |
| |
Modern Versions of Ancient Memory Systems | |
| |
| |
Cultural Memory | |
| |
| |
Organizational Memory | |
| |
| |
Literate Memory Systems | |
| |
| |
Electronic Memory Systems | |
| |
| |
Imitation III: Translation and Paraphrase | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
| |
Delivery: Attending to Eyes and Ears | |
| |
| |
Ancient Commentary on Delivery | |
| |
| |
Delivery of Ancient Discourse | |
| |
| |
Delivery of Written Discourse | |
| |
| |
Spelling and Punctuation | |
| |
| |
Traditional Grammar and Usage | |
| |
| |
Visual Rhetoric | |
| |
| |
Ocular Demonstration | |
| |
| |
Textual Presentation | |
| |
| |
Picture Theory | |
| |
| |
Webrhetors | |
| |
| |
Rhetorical Activities | |
| |
| |
Works Cited | |
| |
| |
Glossary | |
| |
| |
Appendix: Signposts in Ancient Rhetorics | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Suggestions for Further Readings | |
| |
| |
Credits | |
| |
| |
Index | |