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Preface | |
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Research in the Behavioral Sciences | |
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The Beginnings of Behavioral Research | |
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Goals of Behavioral Research | |
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The Value of Research to the Student | |
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The Scientific Approach | |
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Behavioral Science and Common Sense | |
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Philosophy of Science | |
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The Role of Theory in Science | |
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Research Hypotheses | |
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A Priori Predictions and Post Hoc Explanations | |
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Conceptual and Operational Definitions | |
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Proof and Disproof in Science | |
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Strategies of Behavioral Research | |
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Domains of Behavioral Science | |
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A Preview | |
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Behavioral Variability and Research | |
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Variability and the Research Process | |
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Variance: An Index of Variability | |
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Systematic and Error Variance | |
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Assessing the Strength of Relationships | |
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Meta-Analysis: Systematic Variance across Studies | |
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The Measurement of Behavior | |
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Types of Measures | |
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Scales of Measurement | |
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Estimating the Reliability of a Measure | |
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Estimating the Validity of a Measure | |
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Fairness and Bias in Measurement | |
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Approaches to Psychological Measurement | |
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Observational Methods | |
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Physiological Measures | |
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Self-Report: Questionnaires and Interviews | |
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Archival Data | |
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Content Analysis | |
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Descriptive Research | |
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Types of Descriptive Research | |
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Sampling | |
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Describing and Presenting Data | |
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Correlational Research | |
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The Correlation Coefficient | |
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A Graphic Representation of Correlations | |
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The Coefficient of Determination | |
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Statistical Significance of r | |
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Factors That Distort Correlation Coefficients | |
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Correlation and Causality | |
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Partial Correlation | |
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Other Correlation Coefficients | |
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Advanced Correlational Strategies | |
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Predicting Behavior: Regression Strategies | |
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Assessing Directionality: Cross-Lagged and Structural Equations Analysis | |
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Uncovering Underlying Dimensions: Factor Analysis | |
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Basic Issues in Experimental Research | |
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Manipulating the Independent Variable | |
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Assignment of Participants to Conditions | |
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Experimental Control | |
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Eliminating Confounds | |
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Error Variance | |
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Experimental Control and Generalizability: The Experimenter's Dilemma | |
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Experimental Design | |
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One-Way Designs | |
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Factorial Designs | |
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Main Effects and Interactions | |
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Combining Independent and Subject Variables | |
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Analyzing Experimental Data | |
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An Intuitive Approach to Analysis | |
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Hypothesis Testing | |
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Analysis of Two-Group Experiments: The t-Test | |
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Analyses of Matched-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs | |
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Analyzing Complex Designs | |
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The Problem: Multiple Tests Inflate Type I Error | |
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The Rationale behind ANOVA | |
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How ANOVA Works | |
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Follow-Up Tests | |
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Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects ANOVAs | |
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Multivariate Analysis of Variance | |
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Experimental and Nonexperimental Uses of Inferential Statistics | |
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Computer Analyses | |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs | |
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Pretest-Posttest Designs | |
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Time Series Designs | |
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Longitudinal Designs | |
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Program Evaluation | |
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Evaluating Quasi-Experimental | |