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| List of Features | |
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| List of Maps and Color Plates | |
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| Map of National Capitals | |
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| Preface | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| The First Peoples of the Americas | |
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| The First Americans | |
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| Coming to America | |
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| Subsistence Strategies and the Development of Agriculture | |
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| Sedentary Communities and Ceremonial Centers | |
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| Ceremonial Centers in Mexico and Peru | |
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| The Olmec: "Mother Culture" of Mexico? | |
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| Chavin de Huantar in Peru | |
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| The Cities of Classic Mesoamerica | |
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| Monte Alban | |
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| Teotihuacan | |
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| Maya Civilization in the Classic Era | |
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| Peru After Chavin | |
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| The Moche | |
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| The Nazca | |
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| Tiwemaku | |
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| The Wari Empire | |
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| Mesoamerica and Peru, 900-1400 C.E. | |
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| The Toltecs | |
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| The Mixtecs of Oaxaca | |
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| The Post-Classic Maya | |
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| Peru after Tiwanaku and Wari | |
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| The World of Early Americans | |
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| People and Their Environment | |
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| Early Americans and Their Beliefs | |
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| Communities, States, and War | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Archaeology, Literacy, and the Study of History | |
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| Latin American Lives: Pacal the Great, King of Palenque, 603-683 C.E. | |
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| Slice of Life: The Craft Workers of Chan Chan, 1400 C.E. | |
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| Americans and Iberians on the Eve of Contact | |
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| Mesoamerica in the Fifteenth Century | |
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| The Rise of the Mexica | |
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| Mexica Statecraft | |
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| Mexica Religion | |
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| Everyday Life in the Time of the Mexica | |
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| Mesoamerica on the Eve of the Spanish Invasion | |
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| The Andes in the Fifteenth Century | |
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| The Rise of the Incas | |
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| Inca Statecraft | |
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| Andean Religion in the Time of the Incas | |
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| Everyday Life in the Time of the Incas | |
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| The Aztecs and Incas Compared | |
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| The Diversity of American Peoples | |
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| The Tainos and Caribs | |
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| The Tupi of Coastal Brazil | |
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| The "Pueblo" Peoples of New Mexico | |
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| The Spanish and the Portuguese | |
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| Centuries of Conquest | |
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| Medieval Iberia and the Reconquista | |
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| Iberian Monarchies in the Fifteenth Century | |
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| The Breakdown of Iberian "Convivencia" | |
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| Iberian Society in the Fifteenth Century | |
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| Iberia and the Beginnings of Overseas Expansion | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Counting People in Past Societies | |
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| Latin American Lives: Tanta Carhua, Bride of the Sun | |
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| Slice of Life: The Marketplace at Tlatelolco | |
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| The European Conquest of America | |
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| The Europeans Arrive | |
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| Columbus and the First Encounters | |
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| The Caribbean Colonies | |
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| The Portuguese in Brazil | |
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| The Spanish in Mesoamerica and the Andes | |
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| Cortes and the Aztecs | |
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| The Search for "Otro Mexico" | |
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| The Pizarros and the Incas | |
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| Military Conquest or Strategic Alliance? | |
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| Building a Colonial Society | |
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| The Ecological Conquest | |
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| Conquistadors, Encomenderos, and Native Peoples | |
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| A Multiracial Society in Formation | |
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| The "Spiritual Conquest" of Latin America | |
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| Early Evangelization | |
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| The Impact of Evangelization | |
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| Resistance to Christianity | |
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| The Consolidation of Colonial Empires | |
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| The Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru | |
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| The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy | |
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| Royal Government in Brazil | |
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| The Church in Spanish America and Brazil | |
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| The Spanish and Portuguese Empires | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Malinche and the Uses of Historical Memory | |
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| Latin American Lives: Bartolome de Las Casas, 1474-1566 | |
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| Slice of Life: The Cuzco Cabildo Founds a Convent, 1551 | |
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| The Iberians' New World | |
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| The Lure of Precious Metals | |
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| The Silver Boom | |
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| Labor and Technology in Silver Mining | |
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| Procuring a Labor Supply | |
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| Gold Mining in Brazil | |
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| Agriculture | |
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| Sugar Plantations | |
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| Haciendas and Ranches | |
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| Landownership | |
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| Landed Elites | |
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| Rural Society | |
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| Trade and Transportation | |
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| International Commerce | |
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| Overland Transport | |
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| Merchants | |
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| Mercantile Restrictions | |
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| Cities and Towns in the Iberians' New World | |
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| Capital Cities | |
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| Provincial Capitals and Other Towns | |
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| Urban Amenities | |
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| Urban Working Classes | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Documenting Colonial Enterprise | |
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| Latin American Lives: Antonio Lopez de Quiroga, Bolivian Entrepreneur | |
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| Slice of Life: The Safra in Colonial Brazil | |
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| The Amerindians' Changing World | |
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| Native Communities in Mesoamerica and the Andes | |
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| Shifting Populations in the Republica de Indios | |
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| Local Government in the Republica de Indios | |
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| Subsistence and Survival in the Republica de Indios | |
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| Native Communities and the Cash Economy | |
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| Families and Households in the Republica de Indios | |
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| Religion and Community Life in the Republica de Indios | |
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| Natives as Catholics | |
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| Belief and Practice in the Republica de Indios | |
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| Religion and Community Identity | |
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| Mission Indians | |
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| Jesuit and Franciscan Missions | |
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| Native Peoples in the Jesuit and Franciscan Missions | |
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| Mission Indians and Colonial Society | |
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| Native Peoples and the Colonial Order | |
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| Indians in the Republica de Espanoles | |
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| "Indios Barbaros" | |
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| Regional Revolts | |
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| Native Historical Memory and the Colonial Order | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Measuring Acculturation Using Indigenous Language Sources | |
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| Latin American Lives: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala | |
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| Slice of Life: The Indians of Oaxtepec Defend Their Land and Water | |
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| A New People and Their World | |
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| The Making of Multiethnic Societies | |
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| Spanish and Portuguese Immigrants | |
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| Creoles | |
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| Mestizos and Mamelucos | |
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| African Slaves | |
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| Slave Resistance | |
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| Maroon Communities | |
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| Free Blacks and Mulattos | |
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| Race and Class in Colonial Latin America | |
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| Social and Cultural Definitions of Race | |
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| Class and Ethnicity | |
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| Honor, Gender, and Patriarchy | |
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| Honor and the Patriarchal Family | |
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| Marriage and the Family | |
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| Honor and Sexuality | |
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| Honor and Homosexuality | |
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| The Limits of Patriarchy | |
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| Convents: "Islands of Women" | |
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| Convents and Colonial Society | |
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| Conformity and Defiance in Colonial Society | |
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| The Social Etiquette of Everyday Life | |
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| The Administration of Justice | |
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| The Inquisition and Deviant Behavior | |
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| Rituals of Rule | |
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| Scatological Songs and Dances of Defiance | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Parish Registers and the Study of Colonial Society | |
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| Latin American Lives: Juana de Cobos, Baker in Chihuahua | |
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| Slice of Life: Corpus Christi in Cuzco | |
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| The Shifting Fortunes of Colonial Empires | |
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| The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in Eighteenth-Century Politics | |
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| Great Britain and Latin America | |
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| The Seven Years' War | |
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| The American Revolution and Latin America | |
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| The French Revolution and Latin America | |
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| The Haitian Revolution | |
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| The Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms | |
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| Defending the Spanish Empire | |
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| Administrative Restructuring and New Viceroyalties | |
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| The Power of the Church | |
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| Economic Development | |
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| Latin American Peoples in the Age of Revolution | |
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| Social Change in the Late Colonial Period | |
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| The Changing Face of Colonial Cities | |
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| The Enlightenment in Latin America | |
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| Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Colonial Period | |
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| Developing Creole Consciousness | |
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| Resistance to the Bourbon Reforms | |
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| Conspiracies in Brazil | |
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| The Great Rebellion in Peru | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Revisionism and the Debate over Comparative Slavery | |
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| Latin American Lives: Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, Tupac Amaru II | |
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| Slice of Life: The Royal Tobacco Factory in Mexico City | |
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| The New Nations of Latin America | |
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| Spanish America and the Crisis of 1808 | |
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| Spain and the Napoleonic Invasion | |
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| Representative Government in Spain and America, 1808-1814 | |
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| The "American Question" | |
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| Spanish American Grievances and the Crisis of 1808 | |
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| Mexico | |
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| Venezuela | |
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| Argentina | |
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| Spanish American Independence | |
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| The Final Campaigns | |
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| Regional Conflicts in the Spanish American Struggle for Independence | |
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| The Independence of Brazil | |
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| The Portuguese Monarchy in Brazil | |
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| Popular Unrest in Brazil | |
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| The Culmination of Brazilian Independence | |
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| The Meaning of Independence | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Learning More About Latin Americans | |
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| How Historians Understand: Were the Wars of Independence the Turning Point? | |
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| Latin American Lives: Jose Antonio Aponte, Sculptor of Havana | |
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| Slice of Life: The 16th of September: Independence Day in Mexico | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Credits | |
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| Index | |